[House Hearing, 116 Congress]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office]
THE NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM: RESTORING OUR FOREST INFRASTRUCTURE
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HEARING
BEFORE THE
SUBCOMMITTEE ON CONSERVATION AND FORESTRY
OF THE
COMMITTEE ON AGRICULTURE
HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
ONE HUNDRED SIXTEENTH CONGRESS
FIRST SESSION
__________
SEPTEMBER 26, 2019
__________
Serial No. 116-19
[GRAPHIC NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]
Printed for the use of the Committee on Agriculture
agriculture.house.gov
___________
U.S. GOVERNMENT PUBLISHING OFFICE
38-016 PDF WASHINGTON : 2020
COMMITTEE ON AGRICULTURE
COLLIN C. PETERSON, Minnesota, Chairman
DAVID SCOTT, Georgia K. MICHAEL CONAWAY, Texas, Ranking
JIM COSTA, California Minority Member
MARCIA L. FUDGE, Ohio GLENN THOMPSON, Pennsylvania
JAMES P. McGOVERN, Massachusetts AUSTIN SCOTT, Georgia
FILEMON VELA, Texas ERIC A. ``RICK'' CRAWFORD,
STACEY E. PLASKETT, Virgin Islands Arkansas
ALMA S. ADAMS, North Carolina SCOTT DesJARLAIS, Tennessee
Vice Chair VICKY HARTZLER, Missouri
ABIGAIL DAVIS SPANBERGER, Virginia DOUG LaMALFA, California
JAHANA HAYES, Connecticut RODNEY DAVIS, Illinois
ANTONIO DELGADO, New York TED S. YOHO, Florida
TJ COX, California RICK W. ALLEN, Georgia
ANGIE CRAIG, Minnesota MIKE BOST, Illinois
ANTHONY BRINDISI, New York DAVID ROUZER, North Carolina
JEFFERSON VAN DREW, New Jersey RALPH LEE ABRAHAM, Louisiana
JOSH HARDER, California TRENT KELLY, Mississippi
KIM SCHRIER, Washington JAMES COMER, Kentucky
CHELLIE PINGREE, Maine ROGER W. MARSHALL, Kansas
CHERI BUSTOS, Illinois DON BACON, Nebraska
SEAN PATRICK MALONEY, New York NEAL P. DUNN, Florida
SALUD O. CARBAJAL, California DUSTY JOHNSON, South Dakota
AL LAWSON, Jr., Florida JAMES R. BAIRD, Indiana
TOM O'HALLERAN, Arizona JIM HAGEDORN, Minnesota
JIMMY PANETTA, California
ANN KIRKPATRICK, Arizona
CYNTHIA AXNE, Iowa
______
Anne Simmons, Staff Director
Matthew S. Schertz, Minority Staff Director
______
Subcommittee on Conservation and Forestry
ABIGAIL DAVIS SPANBERGER, Virginia, Chair
MARCIA L. FUDGE, Ohio DOUG LaMALFA, California, Ranking
TOM O'HALLERAN, Arizona Minority Member
CHELLIE PINGREE, Maine RICK W. ALLEN, Georgia
CYNTHIA AXNE, Iowa RALPH LEE ABRAHAM, Louisiana
TRENT KELLY, Mississippi
Felix Muniz, Jr., Subcommittee Staff Director
(ii)
C O N T E N T S
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Page
LaMalfa, Hon. Doug, a Representative in Congress from California,
opening statement.............................................. 8
Pingree, Hon. Chellie, a Representative in Congress from Maine,
submitted article.............................................. 68
Schrier, Hon. Kim, a Representative in Congress from Washington,
submitted letter............................................... 72
Spanberger, Hon. Abigail Davis, a Representative in Congress from
Virginia, opening statement.................................... 1
Prepared statement........................................... 2
Submitted news release....................................... 29
Witness
Lago, Lenise, Associate Chief, U.S. Forest Service, U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C..................... 3
Prepared statement........................................... 5
Submitted questions.......................................... 73
THE NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM: RESTORING OUR FOREST INFRASTRUCTURE
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THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER 26, 2019
House of Representatives,
Subcommittee on Conservation and Forestry,
Committee on Agriculture,
Washington, D.C.
The Subcommittee met, pursuant to call, at 10:05 a.m., in
Room 1300 of the Longworth House Office Building, Hon. Abigail
Davis Spanberger [Chair of the Subcommittee] presiding.
Members present: Representatives Spanberger, Fudge,
O'Halleran, Pingree, Axne, Schrier, Panetta, Peterson (ex
officio), LaMalfa, Allen, Kelly, Johnson, and Thompson.
Staff present: Melinda Cep, Prescott Martin III, Felix
Muniz, Jr., Alison Titus, Ricki Schroeder, Patricia Straughn,
Josh Maxwell, Dana Sandman, and Jennifer Yezak.
OPENING STATEMENT OF HON. ABIGAIL DAVIS SPANBERGER, A
REPRESENTATIVE IN CONGRESS FROM VIRGINIA
The Chair. This hearing of the Subcommittee on Conservation
and Forestry entitled, The National Forest System: Restoring
our Forest Infrastructure, will come to order.
Good morning. I would like to welcome everyone to this
hearing of the Conservation and Forestry Subcommittee on the
National Forest System: restoring our forest infrastructure, a
critically important topic. I would also like to thank Ranking
Member LaMalfa, who will be arriving shortly, for his
engagement on this issue, as well as each Subcommittee Member
for taking part in this hearing today.
The roads, trails, bridges, dams, and other facilities that
make up our National Forest infrastructure help ensure safe and
reliable access to natural resources and serve as an essential
backbone for our economic activity.
More than 140 million Americans visit National Forest lands
every year to camp, hike, fish, hunt, ski, and more. Recreation
on and around Forest Service land contributes more than $10
billion to the U.S. economy every year and supports more than
143,000 full-time and part-time American jobs.
In addition to recreation, 66 million Americans in over
3,000 communities depend on Forest Service infrastructure for
drinking water and wastewater services and many communities
rely on Forest Service roads to drive their children to school;
shop in neighborhood stores; and visit their doctors.
However, as a consequence of deferring maintenance across
the agency's infrastructure portfolio, our forest
infrastructure is in disrepair, and no longer meets the needs
of forest users, local communities, and emergency responders.
As is the case with all Federal land management agencies,
appropriated funds have so far been insufficient.
With the deferred maintenance backlog of $5.2 billion, the
ability of the American public to safely access and benefit
from National Forests is greatly diminished. As many of our
Subcommittee Members know all too well, one contributing factor
to this acute backlog has been soaring fire suppression costs.
The increasing frequency and intensity of wildfires has forced
the agency to make some tough decisions, often pulling funds
from non-fire accounts to address wildfires, and leaving fewer
and fewer resources to support other aspects of the agency's
work, like deferred maintenance. We hope that the fire fix that
goes into effect in Fiscal Year 2020 helps address this part of
the deferred maintenance challenge.
Despite the challenges of aging infrastructure, the
dedicated public servants at the Forest Service have
continually worked to do more with less, and to deliver upon
their mission: to sustain the health, diversity, and
productivity of the nation's forests and grasslands to meet the
needs of present and future generations.
Proper maintenance of our National Forests is a matter of
safety and economic well-being. I hope this hearing will help
us better understand the severity of the deferred maintenance
backlog, its impact on regional economies, and the agency's
future plans for capital improvement.
[The prepared statement of Ms. Spanberger follows:]
Prepared Statement of Hon. Abigail Davis Spanberger, a Representative
in Congress from Virginia
Good morning, I would like to welcome everyone to this hearing of
the Conservation and Forestry Subcommittee on The National Forest
System: Restoring Our Forest Infrastructure, a critically important
topic. I would also like to thank Ranking Member LaMalfa for his
engagement on this issue, as well as each Subcommittee Member for
taking part in this hearing today.
National Forest infrastructure is the physical link to the
outdoors. Its network of roads, trails, bridges, dams, and facilities
helps ensure access to natural resources and secure the economic well-
being of neighboring communities.
Over 140 million Americans visit National Forest lands year-round
to camp, hike, fish, hunt, ski and snowboard, and take part in a wide
range of other recreation. Recreation on and around Forest Service land
contributes more than $10 billion to the U.S. economy every year and
supports more than 143,000 full and part-time jobs.
66 million Americans in over 3,000 communities depend on Forest
Service infrastructure for drinking water and wastewater services.
Similarly, many communities rely on Forest Service roads to drive their
children to school; shop in neighborhood stores; or visit their doctor,
among other routine travel needs. Over the last 2 decades alone,
community development along the Wildland-Urban Interface has expanded
by more than 46 million acres, an area larger than the State of
Washington.
However, as a consequence of deferring maintenance in the agency's
infrastructure portfolio, the state of our forest infrastructure has
fallen far behind what is necessary to meet the needs of forest users,
local communities, and emergency responders. As is the case with all
Federal land management agencies, appropriated funds have been
insufficient to adequately maintain roads, trails, bridges, dams, and
other important structures.
Over the last few decades, fire suppression costs have increased as
the frequency and intensity of wildfires have also increased. These
escalating costs have forced the agency to make some tough decisions,
often pulling funds from non-fire accounts to address wildfires and
leaving fewer and fewer resources to support other aspects of the
agency's work, like deferred maintenance. We hope that the fire budget
fix that goes into effect in FY20 solves that component of this issue.
With a deferred maintenance backlog of $5.2 billion, the ability of the
American public to safely access and benefit from National Forests is
greatly diminished.
Despite the challenges of aging infrastructure, the Forest Service
has continually worked to do more with less and has charged itself to
develop a long-term plan to deliver upon its mission to ``sustain the
health, diversity, and productivity of the nation's forests and
grasslands to meet the needs of present and future generations.''
Proper maintenance of our National Forests is a matter of safety
and economic well-being. I hope this hearing will help us better
understand the severity of the deferred maintenance backlog, its impact
on regional economies, and the agency's future plans for capital
improvement.
This is the important subject of our hearing today, to better
understand the level of deferred maintenance; its impact on economic
opportunity and public use; and to examine agency plans for capital
improvement.
The Chair. With that, I will recognize the Ranking Member
once he has arrived. But in consultation with the Ranking
Member and pursuant to Rule XI(e), I want to make Members of
the Subcommittee aware that other Members of the full Committee
may join us today.
The chair would request that other Members submit their
opening statements for the record so the witness may begin her
testimony, and to ensure there is ample time for questions
today.
I would like to welcome our witness, Ms. Lenise Lago,
Associate Chief for the U.S. Forest Service. In coordination
with the Chief, Ms. Lago helps lead a workforce of more than
28,000 year-round employees, and an additional 12,000 seasonal
employees, and is a steward to 193 million acres of National
Forests and Grasslands.
Ms. Lago worked briefly in the forest products industry
before joining the Forest Service in 1989. She has worked in a
variety of planning, budget, and resource management jobs,
splitting time between Washington, D.C., and the western United
States, including Montana, Washington, and Oregon.
Associate Chief Lago is a native of Athens, Georgia, and a
graduate of the University of Georgia's Warnell School of
Forest Resources.
Ms. Lago, you will have 5 minutes to present your
testimony. The light will turn yellow, signaling when you have
1 minute left to complete your testimony. Please begin when you
are ready.
STATEMENT OF LENISE LAGO, ASSOCIATE CHIEF, U.S. FOREST SERVICE,
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
WASHINGTON, D.C.
Ms. Lago. Thank you, Madam Chair, Ranking Member LaMalfa,
and Members of the Committee. Thank you for inviting me to
share the Administration's views on infrastructure within
USDA's Forest Service. I want to thank and acknowledge how
important this opportunity is to testify on this important
topic. I would also like to thank you for the support you have
given us to carry out our programs.
Infrastructure is the physical link between Americans and
their public lands, and Forest Service infrastructure is vital
to rural and urban communities alike. It includes roads,
trails, bridges, visitor centers used by the public, as well as
offices, air tanker bases, employee housing, water and
wastewater systems which we use to manage and protect all of
the other resources. People depend on a safe Forest Service
road network to get to schools, to hospitals, homes, stores.
The road system is also critical to carrying out active
management to improve forest conditions.
Infrastructure drives the economic benefits communities
derive from National Forests. The Forest Service provides the
most diverse recreation opportunities in the nation, across
world-class landscapes that attract, as you mentioned, Madam
Chair, over 140 million visitors annually, contributes $10
billion to the U.S. economy each year, and supports over
140,000 jobs, mostly in gateway and rural communities. Outdoor
recreation and tourism are the single greatest source of jobs
for local economies in the National Forest System.
Perhaps most critically, forest infrastructure provides
fire protection for communities. Firefighters and emergency
responders use forest infrastructure to access forest lands for
firefighting operations, to protect communities, to evacuate
families from areas at risk, and to rescue individuals from
danger.
Of specific interest here today is deferred maintenance,
and my written testimony includes tables listing various assets
the Forest Service owns and maintains, and the deferred
maintenance by asset category. I am not going to cite all that
here, but just to roughly identify the portfolio that we are
talking about, the Forest Service maintains over 370,000 miles
of roads. That includes over 6,000 bridges. We have 158,000
miles of trail, including over 7,000 trail bridges. We have
almost 40,000 buildings of all types, including administrative
buildings, research buildings, employee housing, and recreation
sites.
I think you know; deferred maintenance is scheduled
maintenance that doesn't get done. It has a dollar value, and
the dollar value accumulates over time. As a result of deferred
maintenance, the state of the Forest Service infrastructure has
fallen far behind what is necessary to meet the needs of our
forests and our forest users.
Today, the Forest Service has a deferred maintenance
backlog of more than $5.2 billion. Our capital improvement
budget has not kept up with needed maintenance. The President's
budget request for Fiscal Year 2020 includes a public land
infrastructure fund, which allocates monies for deferred
maintenance in the National Forest System.
Another funding source for Forest Service infrastructure
comes from the Federal Highway Administration Federal Lands
Transportation Program. Interestingly, while the Forest Service
has more miles of publicly accessible road and many times more
bridges than other Federal land management agencies, the Forest
Service receives only about five percent of the funding from
this program.
In addition to funding, the agency is doing its part to
reduce deferred maintenance. We are taking bold steps to
streamline our environmental review process and speed up
important work that could protect communities, livelihoods, and
resources. We are using tools provided by Congress as well. We
have continued to use conveyance authority, which allows us to
sell facilities that are no longer needed, and keep the
proceeds to address other infrastructure needs. We just
proposed a rulemaking for the Powerline Utility Corridor
Authority from the 2018 appropriations bill, and the
Communication Sites Authority from the 2018 Farm Bill, in
addition to the Leasing Authority, which was included in the
2018 Farm Bill.
FLREA, the Federal Lands Recreation Enhancement Act, has
enabled us to keep up with needed maintenance at heavily-used
developed recreation sites across the country.
So, with funding, innovation, efficiency, and partnerships,
those are the keys to taking care of these important assets.
Managing a healthy infrastructure is an important part of our
job, and it supports our ability to carry out our mission.
Again, I am deeply grateful to the Committee for this
opportunity to talk about our infrastructure, to share ideas
about how to improve our backlog of deferred maintenance, and
we appreciate your support. I am happy to answer any questions.
Thank you.
[The prepared statement of Ms. Lago follows:]
Prepared Statement of Lenise Lago, Associate Chief, U.S. Forest
Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.
Regarding Infrastructure on National Forest System Lands
Madam Chair and Members of the Subcommittee, thank you for inviting
me to share the Administration's position on deferred maintenance
within the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Forest Service.
On the National Forest System, infrastructure is the physical link
between Americans and their public lands. It strengthens communities by
giving them safe access to the many ecological, economic, and social
amenities these lands provide. For instance, people use infrastructure
on the National Forest System for ranching, farming, logging, outdoor
recreation, tourism, and municipal water services, all of which support
thriving small businesses, particularly in local communities. People
depend on the Forest Service road network to get to schools, stores,
hospitals, and homes. Perhaps most critically, forest infrastructure
provides fire protection for communities. Firefighters and emergency
responders use forest infrastructure to access forest lands for
firefighting operations to protect communities, evacuate families from
areas at risk, and rescue individuals from danger.
The infrastructure on the National Forest System includes over
370,000 miles of road, 13,400 bridges and trail bridges (see table 1),
158,000 miles of trail, nearly 500 Forest Service owned dams, over
1,100 privately owned dams overseen by the Forest Service, and
facilities for both administration and wildland fire management. The
roads, bridges, facilities, and other infrastructure affect every
aspect of the Forest Service mission and are critical to the effective
management of National Forests and Grasslands on behalf of the American
public.
However, as a consequence of deferring maintenance in our extensive
infrastructure portfolio, the state of the Forest Service's
infrastructure has fallen far behind what is necessary to meet the
needs of our forests and forest users. Today, the Forest Service has a
deferred maintenance \1\ backlog of more than $5.2 billion (table 3--
Deferred Maintenance Backlog; data is also available by state).
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\1\ ``Deferred maintenance'' is the continual delay of maintenance
of Forest Service infrastructure assets. Deferred maintenance prevents
buildings, roads, bridges, and other assets from reaching their
expected useful lifespans. The total dollar value of deferred
maintenance is determined by totaling all of the work items of
components and systems that need to be repaired or replaced. It does
not include unforeseen failures such as a boiler leak, or a wash out of
a road or bridge by a storm, etc.
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The President's Budget for Fiscal Year 2020 includes a Public Lands
Infrastructure Fund allocating monies for deferred maintenance on the
National Forest System. USDA welcomes the opportunity for further
discussion with the Subcommittee regarding the proposed fund to meet
the Forest Service's deferred maintenance needs.
Our infrastructure needs are pressing, and neglecting to meet them
only makes the problem worse. Neglecting routine maintenance turns
minor repairs into major-overhaul work. Ultimately, if left unchecked,
it can turn critical infrastructure unusable to the point of requiring
full replacement. Every delay expands deferred maintenance beyond the
Forest Service's ability to maintain our infrastructure and keep up
with vital services such as fire suppression, timber production, and
outdoor recreation.
Infrastructure on the National Forests and Grasslands also supports
a rising demand for outdoor recreation. The Forest Service provides
recreation opportunities in the nation across landscapes that attract
over 149 million visitors annually. According to the National Visitor
Use Monitoring (NVUM) program, through both direct and ripple effects,
National Forest visitor spending contributes over $10 billion to the
U.S. economy each year while supporting about 143,000 jobs, mostly in
gateway and rural communities. Outdoor recreation and tourism are the
single greatest source of jobs on the National Forest System.
Forest roads and bridges are critical for sustaining landscapes
across the 193 million acres of National Forest System lands for the
benefit of visitors and communities; wildland fire management also
requires an extensive system of forest roads and bridges in good
condition. However, the backlog of deferred maintenance for forest
roads and bridges is $3.4 billion--needed maintenance and repairs
delayed until some future time.
One example of deferred maintenance impacts to Forest Service
assets is the Longhouse Scenic Drive road system on the Allegh[e]ny
National Forest in Pennsylvania. Wear and tear on the road is exceeding
the ability for most passenger cars to reasonably travel over it.
Without needed repairs, the road system cannot bring visitors from
across the country to enjoy the National Forest and sustain local
businesses through their spending. Each year, users of the road system
spend about $1.5 million at local businesses.
Table 1.--Roads and bridges on the National Forest System, by type and
measure.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Number of Asset
Asset Category Locations Quantity Unit of Measure
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Trail Bridges N/A 7,156 Each
Bridges 6,245 6,245 Each
Roads N/A 370,755 Miles
------------------------------------------------------------------------
The Forest Service supports outdoor recreation at more than 29,000
recreation sites ranging from highly developed campgrounds, target
ranges, and boating areas to minimally developed trailheads and fishing
areas. Many of these sites, built by the Civilian Conservation Corps,
are more than 75 years old and remain in use far beyond their expected
lifespans. The deterioration of this recreation infrastructure has a
direct impact on all forest users including outfitters and guides who
create jobs in forest communities and utilize recreation infrastructure
for activities such as fishing and river rafting in National Forests.
Unless the Forest Service invests in recreation infrastructure, the
quality of visitor experience will suffer and local businesses who
depend on forest visitors for their livelihoods might fail.
The Forest Service manages over 158,000 miles of trails--the
largest managed system of trails in the country. These trails provide
motorized and nonmotorized access and high-quality recreation
opportunities across the National Forest System, benefiting economies
and human health in communities nationwide while also fostering
extensive volunteerism and citizen stewardship. Only about 25 percent
of these trails meet agency standards for safety and quality. Total
maintenance across the trail system is estimated at over $600 million,
$300 million in deferred maintenance and $300 million in annual
operational maintenance.
The Forest Service uses 40,510 USDA-owned buildings for
administrative and other purposes (table 2). The buildings include
facilities for research and wildland fire management as well as visitor
centers, bathrooms, communications towers, living quarters, and
warehouses. The Forest Service's deferred maintenance backlog for
facilities totals $1.2 billion, about 65 percent of which is for
buildings older than 50 years. Due to both age and deferred
maintenance, only 57 percent of the buildings used by the Forest
Service are up to standard.
The agency is taking a number of actions to help reduce deferred
maintenance. For example, the Forest Service approach to travel
management helps forests plan a road system that best meets community
needs and transfers ownership to local communities, counties, or states
where appropriate. In West Virginia, Monongahela National Forest, Red
Creek Bridge at Laneville accesses 100 structures, including camps,
cabins, permanent residences, mail route, etc. This bridge also
accesses the Dolly Sods Wilderness, an eastern recreation destination
and economic generator. The Red Creek bridge structure has been
identified for much needed, significant, repairs for the past 10 years.
Table 2.--Buildings owned by USDA and used by the Forest Service, by
purpose, number, and square footage.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Number of Asset
Asset Category Locations Quantity Unit of Measure
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Buildings 38,939 27,351,760 GSF
Residence 1,571 2,470,133 GSF
------------------------------------------------------------------------
The agency is doing its part to reduce deferred maintenance. We are
taking bold steps to streamline our environmental review processes and
speed up important work that could help protect communities,
livelihoods and resources. The proposed updates would not only give the
Forest Service the tools and flexibility to manage the land and tackle
critical challenges like wildfire, insects, and disease but also
improve service to the American people. Revising the rules will improve
forest conditions and make it simpler for people to use and enjoy their
National Forests and Grasslands at lower cost to the taxpayer. The
revised rules will also make it easier to maintain and repair the
infrastructure people need to use and enjoy their public lands--the
roads, trails, campgrounds, and other facilities.
The updates will help reduce our maintenance backlog by
implementing a new suite of ``categorical exclusions,'' a
classification under NEPA excluding certain routine activities from
more extensive, time-consuming environmental impact analyses. The
proposed categorical exclusions would be for restoration projects,
roads and trails management, recreation and facility management, as
well as special use authorizations that issue permits for outfitters
and guides, community organizations, civic groups and others who seek
to recreate on our National Forests and Grasslands. The new categorical
exclusions are based on intensive analysis of hundreds of environmental
assessments and related data and, when fully implemented, will reduce
process delays for routine activities by months or years. We are also
streamlining our business practices and implementing new programmatic
agreements for consultation with other agencies.
For example, this agency is specifically streamlining business
practices to reduce deferred maintenance by strategically prioritizing
capital improvement projects. For road projects, the agency uses the
following criteria in order: (a) projects vital for near-term forest-
based economic activity (that is, restoration within the next 5 years);
(b) projects needed for safety; (c) projects that improve access to
recreation sites and trails; and (d) projects that improve wildlife
connectivity, aquatic organism passage, and flood resiliency. Projects
are evaluated based on how they can provide support and infrastructure
necessary to accomplish national Forest Service goals and mission
areas. The goals are better community service and better access to
public lands for emergency response, outdoor recreation, and active
resource management. Projects are also evaluated on how they use
partnerships to achieve mutual conservation goals through combined
efforts.
Primary funding for Forest Service infrastructure comes from both
Forest Service appropriations and from the Federal Highway
Administration's Federal Lands Transportation Program (FLTP). Adjusted
for inflation, appropriated resources have been decreasing over the
past 2 decades, notwithstanding a spike in funding for roads in 2010
under the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act. The Fixing America's
Surface Transportation Act of 2015 authorized a total of $85 million in
FLTP program funding for the agency for Fiscal Years 2016-2020. This
amount derives from the Highway Trust Fund.
With more than $5.2 billion in deferred maintenance, the Forest
Service cannot keep much of its infrastructure on the National Forest
System from deteriorating. A deteriorating infrastructure keeps us from
properly managing the National Forest System. With roads in poor
condition, for example, emergency vehicles have trouble getting to
wildfires, undermining our firefighting and rescue capabilities.
Conversely, by reducing deferred maintenance and improving
infrastructure, the Forest Service would be better able to protect
communities from wildfire, in part through projects to reduce hazardous
fuels through prescribed fire and mechanical treatments. In addition,
visitors would get better access to recreational activities and the
Forest Service would become a better neighbor by offering more
opportunities for jobs and economic activity in rural areas.
The Forest Service is eager to work with the Committee to meet our
infrastructure needs and reduce our deferred maintenance backlog. We
are deeply committed to accomplishing our multiple-use goals for
National Forest System lands, goals enshrined in our mission and in the
laws of the United States, in accordance with the needs and desires of
the people we serve.
Figure 1.--Appropriations for infrastructure on the National Forest
System, in thousands of dollars, Fiscal Years 2001-19.
[GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]
Adjusted for inflation, appropriations declined, despite a
spike in funding for roads in (CMRD)/(CMLG) in Fiscal Year 2010
under the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act. FY = fiscal
year; CMRD = Capital Improvement and Maintenance-Roads program;
CMLG = Legacy Roads and Trails Restoration program.
Table 3.--Forest Service Deferred Maintenance Backlog
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Current Facility
Asset Number of Asset Quantity Unit of Measure Replacement Deferred Condition
Category Locations Value Maintenance Index
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Buildings 38,939 27,351,760 GSF $7,206,149,429 $1,086,287,917 79
Residence 1,571 2,470,133 GSF $576,242,605 $132,536,427 76
Trails N/A 158,726 Miles N/A $278,012,495 N/A
Trail N/A 7,156 Each N/A $7,846,506 N/A
Bridges
Heritage 7,046 7,046 Each N/A $17,503,549 N/A
Misc. N/A 18,264 Sites $3,141,811,123 $85,809,375 91
Recreati
on
Features
Wastewate 4,736 N/A Each $162,601,900 $29,988,070 81
r
Systems
Water 4,710 N/A Each $321,539,254 $85,840,039 82
Systems
Roads N/A 370,755 Miles $36,789,857,403 $3,153,000,000 N/A
Dams 497 497 Each $3,914,284,327 $79,560,275 98
Bridges 6,245 6,245 Each $2,336,703,257 $260,505,526 89
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total 63,744 30,390,582 GSF $54,449,189,297 $5,216,890,180 85
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Figures in the table above represent a snapshot of the Natural Resource Management (NRM) data as of June 2019
and does not represent the end of the fiscal year summary for 2018; numbers may differ slightly from the end
of the fiscal year National Forest System Statistics. See individual asset tabs for more information.
* Residence is defined as residential structures associated with the Employee Housing Program.
+ Roads includes paved and unpaved roadways.
Not included are towers, as this program is in the midst of reevaluating assets and determining these figures.
The Chair. Thank you for your testimony.
Before proceeding to questions, I recognize Ranking Member
LaMalfa for his opening statement.
OPENING STATEMENT OF HON. DOUG LaMALFA, A REPRESENTATIVE IN
CONGRESS FROM CALIFORNIA
Mr. LaMalfa. Thank you, Madam Chair, and I have no excuse
for my tardiness, but I did bring a forest green pen today, if
there is any redeeming value to that.
So, thank you, and thank you for joining with us, Associate
Chief Lago.
As we know, the National Forest System created more than
100 years ago, designed--and this is an important key point--
for multiple uses for the surrounding communities. And so, it
is a vast network, 193 million acres of public land, and much
of the infrastructure, like we hear with our National Park
System, is aging and requires regular upkeep, which hasn't been
quite regular. We have budget challenges, such as fire
borrowing, loss of revenue due to declining timber harvests,
all contributing to the backlog we are talking about.
A significant portion of the backlog, nearly 75 percent, is
maintenance of the 370,000 mile road system within our forests,
a lot of that in California, my home state. Of course, the
maintenance of these forest roads cannot be understated, and
they provide access to the public for access to their lands,
recreation, resources. They connect our communities and are
very important for our firefighters, of which we suffer a lot
of fire in the West lately.
Congress has worked to provide several solutions to address
the deferred maintenance, such as providing the fire funding
fix in the Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2018 to prevent
fire borrowing, something we are all happy about, from other
accounts, including those accounts used for National Forest
roads. The 2018 Farm Bill provided more tools for the Forest
Service, with management of forest lands, and allows more
partners to assist them in these activities. The House-passed
version of the farm bill also contained several provisions that
would have strengthened these goals, including several
categorical exclusions that would have addressed bureaucratic
red tape that has hindered the Forest Service from addressing
many of the maintenance issues we will be talking about today.
Unfortunately, that version did not make it through the
Senate last year. Earlier this year, though, the Forest Service
announced they were working on streamlining environmental
analyses. I believe it is common sense that current facilities
should be able to be improved without wasting significant time
and money due to unnecessary hurdles.
The Forest Service has recently completed a comprehensive
capital improvement plan also that we hope can be a strategy to
help address this maintenance backlog, and get back to a
healthy and sustainable functioning forest system.
Again, Associate Chief Lago, we appreciate your being here
today, and look forward to the dialogue and Q&A.
So, thank you, and I appreciate it, Madam Chair. I yield
back.
The Chair. Members will be recognized for questioning in
order of seniority for Members who were here at the start of
the hearing. After that, Members will be recognized in the
order of their arrival.
I first recognize myself for 5 minutes.
Associate Chief Lago, in your written testimony, you
mention the Forest Service currently has a deferred maintenance
backlog of more than $5.2 billion. Can you speak to the
backlog's impact on local economies, including recreational
outfitters and other small businesses that serve locals and
visitors alike? Additionally, please discuss the impact on
local small businesses that would complete some of the
infrastructure work on projects such as building and
maintaining roads?
Ms. Lago. Certainly. Thank you, Madam Chair.
The condition of deteriorated infrastructure means we can't
provide a full season of use to many users of National Forest
lands. You mentioned outfitter guides, campground operators.
Just to bring it down to the operator level, an outfitter and
guide needs road access, typically some parking lots, uses
campgrounds sometimes, boat launches. When we can't keep those
open or when we have to restrict the season of use, that means
that outfitter and guide has to reduce their season days. It
has a direct economic effect on that outfitter and guide.
It is the same with a campground. A campground operator is
charging a fee, and we can't maintain the water system so we
have to shut the water off to that campground. They can still
have campers, but they have to provide their own water. It
degrades the experience for campers, and they are less likely
to go to that campground. Again, a direct economic hit to a
service provider.
How increasing our maintenance affects local economies is
for the most part, that deferred maintenance is carried out by
contractors, partners, service providers in those local
communities.
The Chair. Thank you, and I do have a second question with
a little bit of a personal bit to it.
I have been a Girl Scout leader for the past 5 years, and I
have seen the importance of scouting and the role that the
outdoors play in the lives of young women and in boys who
participate in Boy Scouts. And events like the upcoming Hike-a-
palooza in George Washington National Forest not only provides
young women with the opportunity to explore the outdoors, but
also promotes environmental stewardship and provides exposure
to careers in conservation.
The Forest Service's ability to maintain its infrastructure
is central to ensuring that the future generations are invested
in conservation and have the opportunity to enjoy our country's
stunning public lands.
On the topic of environmental stewardship, I understand the
Forest Service relies on partnerships and volunteers, in
addition to Federal funding. Can you tell us about some of
these cooperative agreements, and how they help maintain safe,
accessible trails in places like the George Washington National
Forest?
Ms. Lago. Sure. Thank you for that.
Just generally speaking, the total value of our
partnerships and agreements is over $1 billion annually, and
more than half of that is contributed by the partner.
Within the volunteer service hours that we rack up, trails
work represents the majority of that work. We have people
volunteering to do trail maintenance that is more than 1.5
billion hours annually. That is more than 800 full-time
equivalents, and they help us maintain over 30,000 miles of
trail a year.
And in your local forest, the G.W. Jeff, we have more than
50 cooperators on trails projects. I think last year they
helped us maintain almost 5,000 miles of trail. We have
partnerships with student conservation organizations, back
country horsemen, lots of partnerships interested in helping us
maintain that infrastructure.
The Chair. Thank you very much. I appreciate your answering
my questions, and I would now recognize Ranking Member LaMalfa
for his questions.
Mr. LaMalfa. Thank you again, Assistant Chief.
We are talking about--and you mentioned in your comments a
$5.2 billion maintenance backlog, and that has been a number
that seems to be frozen for quite a few years, going back as
far as 2012. Which if you look at inflation costs alone, but
then obviously we have had some big events there in many of our
forests with large fires, runoff, record levels of snow pack,
and flooding, et cetera. And we know, we hear about it from our
forest people out there about considerable damage to the roads,
trails, et cetera, culverts.
But the dollar figure has stayed the same since 2012, so it
makes me wonder, is there really some type of system as to how
the Forest Service is monitoring, cataloging the damage to the
various pieces of infrastructure in the forests to see that we
are actually keeping up with the real number on the maintenance
backlog that we are talking about.
Again, we know that there is a huge number for our National
Parks, and I am wondering is there a system in place that we
could be improving or one that you are working on to get what
probably needs to be a more accurate number?
Ms. Lago. Yes, sir. So it is, first of all, a big number,
and as I described, our totality of infrastructure is big,
diverse, spread out, and inaccessible.
The way we arrive at that number is we do sampling on an
annual basis. We sample a portion of the roads, and then
calculate an estimate. We sample buildings and dams on a 5 year
cycle, dams on a 2 year cycle.
But in addition, events like fires and floods can take out
bridges. Sometimes we don't replace them, so that removes the
asset and it removes the deferred maintenance along with it.
We are doing lands transactions every year, and we may
convey an asset with a deferred maintenance, and thus reduce
it.
Mr. LaMalfa. So, with the loss of a bridge in a situation
like that, you can take it off the books because it doesn't
exist anymore.
Now on my farm, if one of my tractors catches fire, I don't
get just to write of the asset. I still need that amount of
tractor power to be able to get over the acres I do in a year.
How is this going to be serving the people in the area,
whether it is for firefighters, access, logging, whatever it
is? How can we just write that asset off?
Ms. Lago. It depends on the local area, and a lot of these
assets are legacies from many, many years ago. It might be in a
portion of the forest where access has been terminated or is
seasonally closed, and we may decide not to replace that bridge
in-kind, but do some sort of lower scale, more like a trail
bridge or something like that.
Mr. LaMalfa. Is it done in conjunction with local needs,
with local--whether it is safety officials or logging or
access, or is that decision made in D.C.? Is it made by the
local forester? I mean, that is kind of disturbing to me that
we can just write this off and maybe not have the input. How is
that done?
Ms. Lago. Yes, sir. It is a local decision. It is done with
public input, environmental analysis, and disclosure.
Mr. LaMalfa. Okay. So timber receipts have been down. Back
years ago, we are looking at 1991, we could see that there is
$680 million in timber receipts, of which ten percent goes
directly towards forest roads, and it is also very important,
those receipts, for local schools and roads under what is the
Secure Rural Schools Fund. And so, now you want $680 million in
receipts, and more recently, it is down to $21 million. It
would seem to me we could be going farther if we had the timber
receipts for the road maintenance for that ten percent.
Would you comment upon that?
Ms. Lago. Yes, sir. In recent years, we have been
increasing our timber sales. Those receipts are increasing as a
result of that, and so----
Mr. LaMalfa. Do you know that number now compared to the
$680 million not-inflation-adjusted 1991 number?
Ms. Lago. I don't know the total revenue, but I believe our
timber receipts--I will have to get back to you. No, I don't.
Mr. LaMalfa. Okay, please do.
With them down significantly, and since recreation is a
primary driver of road use; how much is being done to boost
what is coming in on recreation fees, not by just raising the
fees, but actually having more access in order to keep from
losing more roads to deterioration?
Ms. Lago. Our annual recreation fee collection is about
$100 million. Eighty-five percent of that goes back to the site
where it was generated, and the decision about fees for
recreation use is on a site-by-site basis.
Mr. LaMalfa. I mean, as far as boosting the amount of
recreation happening, is that a part of the strategy?
Ms. Lago. On an individual site basis, the local management
can and does suggest a fee increase, or to add an additional
site into the fee revenue program.
Mr. LaMalfa. Yes. I am not angling for fee increases, but
just more access where it is possible.
So, I am over time. I will yield back, Madam Chair.
The Chair. I now recognize the gentlewoman from Ohio, for 5
minutes.
Ms. Fudge. Thank you, Madam Chair, and thank you, Chief
Lago, for being here this morning.
I want to change the subject a bit to Job Corps, if we
could just talk about that for a bit. The Job Corps Civilian
Conservation Centers in particular.
We know that last year almost 2,000 Job Corps students from
under-served communities contributed more than 100,000 hours to
infrastructure improvements and to maintenance projects. Tell
me what you see as the opportunity to grow that program?
Ms. Lago. Yes, ma'am. Thank you.
Just this week, Secretary of Agriculture Perdue traveled to
Denver, national Job Corps headquarters, and met with our Job
Corps leadership, several center directors, and laid out a plan
for a more formal program between National Forests and the Job
Corps centers where they reside to have more students doing
restoration and maintenance work on Forest Service facilities,
more conservation-related trades at Job Corps centers, and
ultimately, more hiring of Job Corps graduates into Forest
Service jobs.
Ms. Fudge. If I understand you correctly then, USDA is
supportive of the program, wants to keep the program, and is
going to try to broaden the program?
Ms. Lago. Yes, ma'am.
Ms. Fudge. Good.
Let me also ask, do the students who participate in this
program have any path toward becoming employed with the Forest
Service or some other land management agency?
Ms. Lago. Yes, ma'am. We currently have an authority called
Public Land Corps Authority, which Job Corps students qualify
for by doing certain number of hours of restoration work on
public land. They are still required to compete for jobs in an
open merit application.
What we would like to do is work with OPM on a direct hire
authority for Job Corps graduates.
Ms. Fudge. Can you tell me just for maybe some of my
colleagues' benefit who are not familiar with the program, how
has this program helped the agency?
Ms. Lago. Well, you said it yourself. More than 2,000
students and 100,000 hours on projects doing restoration work
in National Forests.
In addition to those numbers, we have upwards of 300,000
students annually supporting firefighting, either doing things
like mobile cooking camps, or actually being on the fire line.
About, ten of our 24 centers have conservation trades. You
know, the typical trade at Job Corps is carpentry, masonry,
plumbing, painting, auto mechanics. We have ten centers where
we have forestry-related trades, and we would like to expand
the conservation trades to all of our centers.
Ms. Fudge. Well, I just appreciate the fact that the
program is going to continue. It is an outstanding program. It
gets young people involved at a level that we could never do in
any other way.
I thank you, Assistant Chief, and I yield back, Madam
Chair.
The Chair. Thank you. I now recognize the gentleman from
Mississippi, for 5 minutes.
Mr. Kelly. Thank you, Madam Chair.
I guess, what is the primary purpose of the National
Forests?
Ms. Lago. To have enduring natural resources for the
nation.
Mr. Kelly. And specifically for recreation or for people--I
know there is some money-making, but sometimes we forget the
main thing has got to be the main thing, and it is to provide
opportunities for people who may not have forests of their own
to go enjoy that, the recreation, and also, there is some
financial benefits to the United States as a whole. But it is
to provide those opportunities, recreational and hunting and
other things, for our people.
I just ask that you remember, the main thing has always got
to be the main thing. And so, I ask that we do all that we can
to keep that open and accessible to all those hunters and
recreationers and campers and bikers and cross-country runners
and trail hikers, that we do everything we can. Because that is
the purpose of these National Forests, what it was originally,
is to keep that open.
That being said, the House farm bill last time contained
several categorical exclusions that would have streamlined NEPA
for reconstructing or rehabilitating National Forest
infrastructure, from roads to dams and bridges, even bathroom
and shower facilities at recreational sites. How would these
CEs have been helpful to saving time and money, while
addressing the backlog of deferred maintenance programs?
Ms. Lago. Yes, sir. Thank you, Congressman.
The CEs that did not get included in the farm bill are very
similar to the CEs we have just proposed in our rulemaking for
NEPA for infrastructure for roads, bridges, and facilities. And
we have existing CEs for routine maintenance. But, most of our
facilities need something beyond routine maintenance, major
reconstruction, decommissioning, and so, these CEs in the
footprint of an existing structure allow us to be consistent
with state law, Federal law, documenting a decision, do that
work without going through a longer environmental analysis.
Mr. Kelly. And I just want you to understand, this has
major impacts. I received several calls last year when we
closed some National Forest roads, trails--that cars could go
on--to my squirrel hunters and folks who use those National
Forests to do that. There are significant impacts that maybe
you guys don't always see, but I can assure you, when you start
getting calls at the Congressional office because my squirrel
hunters can't get to where they want to go.
What have we done to do public-private partnerships? Are
you forbidden to do that? You know, because a lot of these
folks would go on and improve those trails, which would also
make them accessible to fight fires. Or are we co-oping with 70
percent of the engineers in the entire United States Army or in
the Guard and Reserves? Camp Shelby is a National Forest which
you have engineers, and they just did a new running trail down
there in the old rail bed system. What opportunities do we use
to use those to help us with the maintenance under the
supervision of the Forest Service?
Ms. Lago. Yes, sir. Thank you.
In a minute and 47 seconds, I won't be able to tell you all
the partnerships that we have, but for example, we have
partnerships with user groups--and I mentioned before Student
Conservation Association, Ducks Unlimited. We also have
partnerships with counties in particular that help us maintain
roads. The Army National Guard has an authority--because they
are largely engineers--they can do major construction,
reconstruction, demolition work on our sites and our
facilities.
The pathway to those things is the instrument that
documents the agreement and what each side needs to do. We can
be bureaucratic about that. We need to instill all of our
workforce with the curiosity and the innovation to use those
partnerships.
Mr. Kelly. What can we in Congress and on this Committee do
to make that process easier?
Ms. Lago. Sir, the attention in this hearing is a
tremendous, tremendous value. I will confer with my staff about
what is limiting in those partnerships and be happy to visit
with your staff.
Mr. Kelly. Please let me know. As an Army engineer who
still serves, I am interested in whatever we can do to make
this easier for you all so that we can serve the main thing,
the public that we are trying to give opportunities, offer
recreation to.
And with that, I yield back, Madam Chair.
The Chair. Thank you. I now recognize the gentlewoman from
Maine, for 5 minutes.
Ms. Pingree. Thank you very much, Madam Chair, and thank
you to the Chair and Ranking Member for holding this hearing,
and to Associate Chief Lago, thank you very much for being here
today and for your long career and service in the Forest
Service. That is so important to all of us.
I am also on the House Appropriations Committee, the
Interior Subcommittee, so we had a very interesting and
instructive hearing earlier this year with Chief Christiansen.
We appreciated that very much, and also have spent a lot of
time trying to understand the funding of the Forest Service and
the unique challenges you have been dealing with because of the
wildfires and the challenges out West.
I am going to take a little bit different tact because I am
a Representative from Maine, and in Maine, we know the
importance of our forests. Eighty-six percent of Maine is
forested land. Only six percent of that is public, so very
different from the issues we deal with in the West. I think
that is the highest percentage of any state in the nation. We
have almost 17 million acres of forests, 16 million of which
are privately-owned, and that supports about 30,000 good paying
jobs.
One imminent concern that we feel our forests can help us
with is the issue of climate change, but it also presents a
challenge. Forests are facing rising temperatures, increased
and prolonged drought, extreme weather events, invasive
species, all contributing in many ways to widespread declines
in the forest health.
But on the other hand, forests can be a positive force for
change in the climate debate because of their role as carbon
sinks. Just last week, there was an article in the Portland
Press Herald in Maine that highlights the carbon store capacity
of our Maine forests, and without objection, Madam Chair, I
would like to submit that for the record.
The Chair. Without objection.
[The article referred to is located on p. 68.]
Ms. Pingree. Thank you.
By promoting the value of working forests in the United
States and recognizing the continual cycle of growth,
harvesting, and replanting, our working forests provide a
carbon solution.
Can you tell me a little bit about some of the efforts by
the Forest Service that promote healthy working forests, and
the carbon benefits associated with growing trees and the wood
products they produce?
Ms. Lago. Yes, Congresswoman, thank you.
We have a branch of the Forest Service called State and
Private Forestry. We have authorities under State and Private
Forestry that enable us--and first of all, recognizes there is
800 million acres of forest and land in this country owned by
states and private entities, and it is just as important for
conservation on those lands as on Federal lands. Our State and
Private Forestry authorities allow us to work with State
Foresters, private land owners, industrial corporations on
conservation efforts.
Just this morning, talking about innovation and
partnerships, one of my colleagues sent me an announcement from
the National Forest Foundation, U.S. Endowment for Forests and
Communities, and the Forest Service Partnership Office,
announcing grants for public-private partnerships for forest
stewardship and forest conservation. There is a lot of growing
interest in the importance and the benefits to all of us from a
health standpoint, from a climate change standpoint of keeping
forests healthy.
Finally, in the Southeast and in the Northeast, we have
programs called Keeping Forests Forests. They are big
partnerships between us, state forests, and industrial land
owners.
Ms. Pingree. Just to tack on one of the earlier questions,
I know the Forest Service is trying to streamline the NEPA
review to make it easier for people to manage forests without
significant environmental review. But what will you do if those
management practices aren't actually storing carbon? Are they
considering carbon sequestration in their efforts to streamline
NEPA reviews, or is that not part of the consideration?
Ms. Lago. No, ma'am, I don't see carbon sequestration as a
calculus in those environmental reviews.
Ms. Pingree. Okay. Well, I will follow up on that later.
One other quick thing. I am very familiar with the USDA's
regional climate hubs and have asked other USDA agencies about
their hubs in previous hearings. Based on budget documents that
I have received from USDA, I understand the Forest Service
spent $3.3 million on the climate hubs in 2016, which I think
is great, but the 2019 estimate is $400,000. Given the
challenges that we are dealing with, why is there such a big
drop, and do you see those as a valuable part of what you are
doing?
Ms. Lago. Yes. Our investment and our continued commitment
to climate hubs is significant. I don't have the dollar values
at hand. I can research that with staff and get back to you or
submit it for the record.
Ms. Pingree. Great. Well, I do have great concerns about
that number going down, and I appreciate your talking about the
value of them.
And I am basically out of time, so again, thank you very
much for your answers to the questions.
Ms. Lago. Thank you.
The Chair. I want to recognize the Chair of the full
Committee has joined us. Thank you for being here, Chairman
Peterson, and I now recognize the gentleman from Georgia, for 5
minutes.
Mr. Allen. Thank you, Madam Chair, and thank you for being
with us today.
In your written testimony, you mentioned that perhaps most
critically, forest infrastructure provides fire protection for
communities, especially by providing access to forest lands and
roads for firefighters and emergency responders during rescue
operations.
Due to the deferred maintenance backlog, how many miles of
Forest Service system roads have been decommissioned over the
past 10 years?
Ms. Lago. I don't have 10 year figures. On an average
basis, I think we decommission somewhere between 300 and 400
miles of road a year. It is not strictly related to deferred
maintenance. There might be restoration management objective
tied, but in any event, I will get you 10 year figures.
Mr. Allen. Okay. All right, and during wildfire
suppression, what percentage of decommissioned roads from
within the fire perimeter are reopened and used for suppression
activities? Do you have any idea?
Ms. Lago. I don't know on a percentage basis.
Mr. Allen. Okay.
Ms. Lago. I know we do do that. The fire line officer has
the call on it.
Mr. Allen. Right, okay.
And then to that, can you further elaborate on the
potential threat the deferred maintenance poses on being able
to respond to wildfires, and as a result, additional damage to
forest infrastructure?
Ms. Lago. I can't quantitatively summarize it, but the
deferred maintenance accumulates not just on roads, but also
our fire guard stations, our air tanker bases, our bunkhouses
where our firefighters are housed over the summer. So, the
accumulated effect of that is our capacity is diminished where
it wouldn't otherwise be.
Mr. Allen. And why is your capacity diminished? I mean, why
would you do that?
Ms. Lago. Well, we are not able to house people in
bunkhouses because of the deteriorating condition.
Mr. Allen. I got you.
Well, then that gets to my next question. The U.S. Forest
Service recently completed its comprehensive Capital
Improvement Plan. Can you further detail how you plan to
implement this strategy, going forward, as far as dealing with
these issues?
Ms. Lago. Yes, sir. Thank you.
Our plan has been released in the last couple of weeks.
What it primarily does is identifies criteria for submitting
projects for the national prioritization, and those criteria
include access to active forest management, access to
recreation facilities, access for fire operations, research and
development, and revenue generating destinations. Those
criteria are applied to the submitted project. It runs through
a model. The model prioritizes projects, and so we have funding
set aside and cut off the funding at the level that----
Mr. Allen. Outside of that, what is your biggest challenge?
Ms. Lago. The level of funding.
Mr. Allen. The level of funding?
Ms. Lago. Yes, sir.
Mr. Allen. You are looking at Members of this Committee who
are Members of the United States Congress, and you need more
funding?
Ms. Lago. That is correct.
Mr. Allen. Okay. All right. Thank you, and I yield back.
The Chair. Thank you. I now recognize the gentleman from
Arizona.
Mr. O'Halleran. Thank you, Madam Chair.
My district contains all or parts of six National Forests,
and the Grand Canyon, and 22 other National Parks and
monuments. I fully understand the conditions that you are
under, because I live in Forest Service country. I also--my
house is located--I take Forest Service roads back to the
house. That road hasn't been touched by a blade in about 20
years, and we even offered at one time to pay for part of it--
well, half of it, and they still didn't--because they only have
one grader for the entire Coconino National Forest. And that
grader has to be borrowed by the Kaibab sometimes in order to
get some roads done over there. And so, this whole concept of--
how many personnel has the Forest Service lost or percentage in
the last decade because of funding?
Ms. Lago. I have heard the figure \1/3\, 33 percent in non-
fire professions. I would have to double check is that the last
10 years or some other time period, but that is the figure that
I am familiar with.
Mr. O'Halleran. And how much more personnel are you going
to be able to hire now that you have been able to get the fire
funding off your books?
Ms. Lago. That is a good question. It is not easy to
answer.
In my own career, we have changed significantly from using
Forest Service employees and equipment doing projects, road
projects, for example, to funding partners or counties or
contract workers. So, the increase in funding may not
necessarily turn around more, let's say, road crews. What we do
need is senior experienced engineers and specialists who can
plan and design the work, and then do contract oversight.
Mr. O'Halleran. Well, let's put it another way. The fire
funding has been taken out. How much has been restored to your
budget in order to meet your other obligations and needs?
Ms. Lago. Okay, I can do that one.
It goes into effect in 2020, and if we had to request the
10 year average for fire suppression, it would--which we don't,
because the fire funding fix froze it at 2015 level, we would
have to increase the request for fire suppression by $270
million.
What that means is we get to add $270 million back to
programs, as long as our cap stays the same.
Mr. O'Halleran. Now, it is also, at least out in the West
and in my district, a lot of the forests were put in place
because of watershed protection. What impact has the lack of
funding had on the ability of us to protect our watersheds, our
wildlife that the hunters love, and our fish that they--and the
streams that impact the quality of our tourists and our
recreational activities in the forest?
Ms. Lago. Yes, sir. The two most important things that
affect water quality and water coming off National Forests is
healthy forest condition and maintaining the road system.
A former long-time Member of the House, Norm Dicks, used to
say, ``You don't fix the roads, you're going to drink the
roads.'' Our inability to maintain the road system contributes
to degraded water. Overcrowded, over-dense forests that
stagnate, lead to insect infestation, wildfire, that
contributes to poor water quality. We need to take care of
those two things.
Mr. O'Halleran. Well, I want to thank the Forest Service
for helping start the 4FRI projects in Arizona. It has been
very important. We are on another step now, and hopefully we
will move forward again.
But the management process that you just talked about is
critical to watershed protection and wildlife and the whole
ecosystem that is there. And I just look at Arizona as an
example. We have millions and millions of acres that are not
managed or haven't been able to be managed, I should say, that
are just going up in fire all the time, and that is throughout
the West. I would kind of like to know the plan of attack,
other than a 4FRI for the other National Forests.
Ms. Lago. Yes, sir.
You might recall, we announced an initiative earlier this
year that we called Shared Stewardship, and we have ten states
now under an agreement where we are partnering with states to
agree on the areas of highest priority treatment, and then we
are working on those areas together. And I think that is a
commitment that is going to build both support for the work
that we need to do, and additional capacity for doing it.
Mr. O'Halleran. Thank you, and I yield back.
The Chair. Thank you. Before moving to recognize Members of
the full Committee, I am going to recognize, for 5 minutes, the
gentlewoman from Iowa, who stepped out. Excuse me. I apologize.
I will now recognize, for 5 minutes, the gentleman from South
Dakota, Mr. Johnson.
Mr. Johnson. Thank you very much, Madam Chair.
I know in your line of work you get a fair amount of
criticism, but I just want to start by saying thank you on a
personal basis, ma'am. The Black Hills National Forest is a
ways, we have a very large Congressional district. I suppose I
am probably 4 hours from the National Forest, but I can't tell
you how many hundreds of memories my family has made in that
great national asset that you, throughout your career, and your
people have helped to maintain.
And it is wonderful. I mean, some of the most beautiful,
quiet moments in our lives have been nestled among those Black
Hills ponderosa pine. Some of our most active moments of our
life have been in that forest. And so, thank you for what you
are doing.
Of course, it is not just the Johnson family that enjoys
that resource. Every year, there are millions of South Dakotans
and folks from all over the world who recreate there. I get the
sense that our deferred maintenance backlog is perhaps smaller
there than in many of the forests we have discussed. Perhaps,
because it is such an actively managed, well-maintained forest.
We have some of the highest timber sales of National Forests in
the country. And so, if you are willing to, ma'am, could you
elaborate on the connection, if any, that exists between a
well-maintained, actively managed forest and the impact that
that can have on lower deferred maintenance?
Ms. Lago. Yes, sir. Thank you for the opportunity, and
thank you very much for the compliment. The Black Hills is a
very special place, I agree.
All our forests are similar in the way that people love
them and rely on them. And that said, they are still unique in
their own way. And where a forest is well-maintained, able to
reduce deferred maintenance, my guess is that is a forest with
a lot of thriving partnerships. We don't have the same ability
to partner everywhere. It depends on opportunity and economic
capacity. But it also depends on commitment to partnering.
And so, I would put my finger on partnerships where the
Black Hills are concerned.
Mr. Johnson. Well, I think that is exquisitely well said,
and I do think thriving partnerships are a key part of that
story of a lower deferred maintenance backlog, and higher use
of the forest. Thank you for calling out the importance of
having a USDA commitment to that, and to the extent that that
commitment can even grow in the Black Hills National Forest and
elsewhere, I would certainly love to see more efforts in that
regard.
I hate to bring up such a terrible subject of the mountain
pine beetle, because I know that little fellow has done a lot
of damage in a lot of places. In the Black Hills, we had less
damage from the pine beetle than was feared at the onset of
this round of the epidemic, and frankly, less damage than many
National Forests.
I have attributed that to a more actively managed forest. I
want to give you an opportunity to correct my misconception, if
I have one, and offer any other thoughts you have.
Ms. Lago. Yes, sir.
Definitely, well-maintained forests are in a more vigorous
condition, and a more vigorous condition allows forests to
repel bark beetle attacks. It is a native pest. They have been
around a long time. What has changed is the vitality of forests
and their ability to just naturally withstand them.
I think definitely better maintained forests, active
management such as what we have in the Black Hills, is key to
preventing further spread by that insect.
Mr. Johnson. Well, Madam Chair, I would just close by
trying to highlight some of these great phrases. This
conversation has pulled out the importance of active
management, being well-maintained, and having thriving
partnerships. Those are wonderful phrases, Associate Chief.
Thanks for the work you do, and thanks for your presence here
today.
Ms. Lago. Thank you, sir.
Mr. Johnson. And I yield back.
The Chair. I now recognize Mr. Thompson from Pennsylvania,
for 5 minutes.
Mr. Thompson. Thank you, Madam Chair. Thanks for hosting
this, and Ranking Member, for this hearing.
Assistant Chief, good to see you. Thank you for your
service and your record of service to the nation through the
Forest Service, I greatly appreciate it. Also, special thanks
when you were testifying on the other side of the Capitol in
the Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee. You used
Longhouse Drive in the Allegheny National Forest as an example
of the threat of lack of maintenance and roadways
deteriorating. And as you really nicely point out in your
testimony, the users of that road contribute about $1.5 million
a year to the local businesses, local economy. That just speaks
to the importance--the economic importance of this.
You have talked a lot about partnership. I am going to
start out by really--I think one of our best partners--and we
have many great partners, obviously, with the Forest Service--
but one of the best partners are those from the forest products
industry, the timber industry, that bid on contracts, help us
so that we can maintain a healthy forest. We make it so that
they are the largest carbon sinks in the world. Also, as my
friend across the aisle talked about making sure that those
healthy forests are--making sure that we have a great
filtration system for those watersheds that start in our
National Forests.
And so, I am concerned right now. The first thing I have
for you is not really looking for a response on, just a request
to take back. And I am going to follow up in writing; but, the
situation with the tariffs, and specifically the hardwoods
industry, we have a lot of folks, good people that bid and
obtain contracts. Specifically, I am going to speak about
hardwoods, because I have the Allegheny National Forest.
Unfortunately, with the trade wars that are going on, the
bottom just completely dropped out of the price. They bid at a
certain price. They are mandated contracted to pursue that, but
they have lost their market for the time being.
I will say talking with them, they are all behind the
President and they are supportive, and you know, they want to
see fair and free trade, which is what the President wants.
But in the meantime, just two things that we could look at
that and will be sent along in a written request. You know, any
type of trade relief for hardwoods. They were not included in
that package. And I get it. It is different for--it might be
because a part of this is administered--that part of trade is
administered through commerce. I don't know why. Trees are a
crop. It is agriculture. But they need--we are hoping,
actually, just to get resolution to trade agreements. But if
this goes on for any amount of time, those hardwood folks need
this. Because if we lose those industries, then we will not
have that valuable partner to keep our forests healthy. And in
the long run, that would be a deterioration of tremendous
proportions of our National Forests.
The other thing is a request to take back is we need
extension on current contracts, and I would say up to a period
of 2 years at this point, because there is not a business plan
given what the contracts are at and where the pricing has
fallen. That may be a little more difficult, I understand, but
those are just--not really looking for a response on that. If
you could take that back and I will be following back up with
certainly the Secretary and the President on those.
The most pressing maintenance issue that we currently have
in the Allegheny National Forest is the Mayburg Bridge located
in Forest County. There are 128 permanent and seasonal
dwellings in Mayburg and the bridge, which is owned by the
Forest Service, and it is the only really practical year-round
route in and out of that village. Thankfully, we don't have any
kids right now living in that area, so there are no school
buses, because that bridge would not handle a school bus. And I
would be concerned if there is a fire, because an emergency
vehicle is not going to be handled as well.
Unfortunately, that bridge has fallen into disrepair and is
in need of critical repairs. The Forest Service has indicated
that the funding will be coming for the bridge, but there is
still a lot of uncertainty about the future.
Now, currently maintenance for infrastructure like this
must be a priority, yet it is not being completed. So, it is a
simple question. How is the Forest Service prioritizing this
kind of maintenance, especially when it comes down to access
for local residents and public safety?
Ms. Lago. Thank you, Congressman.
I thought we had the funding for that bridge and completed
the environmental analysis, and I thought it was moving
forward. I will double check on that.
Funding for maintenance is part of regional allocations,
and the priorities for maintenance is decided at the local
level. When it exceeds routine maintenance and becomes a
capital investment, then it is going to be subject to that
capital investment strategy and those criteria for
prioritization that I mentioned.
Mr. Thompson. I appreciate it. I also appreciate your
engagement with the community, because it was apparent in the
beginning--I am not sure the Forest Service or whoever was
involved even locally recognized that there was a permanent
village, basically. People live there year-round, and quite
frankly, it was the only way in and out. But, because of how
you all did conduct yourselves, engaging in the community, that
all came to light, and I really appreciate it. And I appreciate
the support with the Mayburg bridge.
Ms. Lago. Thank you.
The Chair. I now recognize the gentlewoman from Washington,
for 5 minutes.
Ms. Schrier. Thank you, Madam Chair, and Ms. Lago, thank
you for coming today and joining us. It is great to have a
witness with experience in Washington forests, and I would love
to host you back at home, along with the Forest Service Chief,
in the district--which by the way, includes Mount Rainier, the
Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest----
Ms. Lago. Beautiful area.
Ms. Schrier. To raise some of these various issues on
deferred maintenance, and in addition to the deferred
maintenance projects the Forest Service Legacy Roads and Trails
Remediation Program is a critical program that leverages
dollars outside of the Forest Service to address water quality
issues, and I have an appropriations letter for the record that
I would like to submit, outlining the importance of that
program, and the need for it to have a dedicated line item.
The Chair. So noted.
[The letter referred to is located on p. 72.]
Ms. Schrier. The program was created in 2008, because the
general Forest Service road maintenance budget was unable to
address the sheer volume of blocked culverts, landslides, and
washouts, which were impacting water quality and access for
threatened and endangered species. And in Washington State and
other parts of the country, the program is critical to address
water quality issues and habitat, particularly for Chinook
salmon, bull trout, and steelhead. These fish are an important
part of the Northwest culture, heritage, ecosystem, and they
have suffered heavily, as you know. A recent New York Times
report stated that the Chinook salmon may be extinct in 20
years. I will also add that Chinook salmon are the key food
source for the endangered southern resident Orcas, and old
weather-damaged roads and broken culverts are key culprits in
this demise.
Washington State has invested millions, multiple millions
of dollars to address downstream barriers and culverts,
including dams and whatnot, while the Chinook salmon spawning
grounds are located upstream in the National Forest headwaters.
And on page 4 of your testimony, you outline the criteria
for road projects, listing priorities. And unfortunately, the
projects that improve wildlife and aquatic passage are last.
And so, I was just wondering if you could expand on this and
help me understand how projects affecting water quality can be
addressed in a timely manner when the Forest Service is facing
a $5+ billion backlog?
Ms. Lago. Yes, thank you, Congresswoman.
When I was still in the Pacific Northwest, we hosted a
chiefs review, and the theme of the entire review was Save our
Salmon. I really understand the integral role of salmon in the
economy and lifestyle, and that ecosystem.
In addition to the criteria, which includes benefits--the
ability to be an economic driver in water and recreation, there
is an intangible benefit criteria. You know, salmon is a lot
more--and water quality is a lot more than an intangible
benefit certainly, and local managers--also there is a layer
where they put a personal priority on their projects, based on
their knowledge of local issues and what is important to the
local economy, people, community.
So, there is more than just the criteria that I named in my
testimony. It is fair to really think about how we are valuing
water, the economic value of water, as well as the fact that we
all rely on it. I will go back and discuss that.
Ms. Schrier. Thank you, and the way I interpreted economic
was really related to timber; but, if you think about the
recreational economy and salmon and habitat and our Tribes,
that those do weave in economics.
Yes. I appreciate your going back. I think that is it, and
I would just like to reiterate my invitation, and thank you for
paying attention to this issue.
I yield back the rest of my time.
The Chair. Thank you. I now recognize the gentleman from
California, for 5 minutes, Mr. Panetta.
Mr. Panetta. Thank you, Madam Chair. I appreciate you
allowing me to sit in on this very important hearing,
especially when it comes to my district on the Central Coast.
Ranking Member LaMalfa, good morning, and good morning,
Chief. Thank you for being here. I appreciate your testimony
and appreciate your service.
I represent the Central Coast of California, Big Sur Los
Padres National Forest, and in 2016, I am sure you know well,
we had a pretty extensive fire there called the Soberanes fire,
which encompassed about 206\2\ miles being burned, and the cost
at the time was the most expensive in our nation's history at
the time, until recently, a cost of about $260 million.
The reason that fire started was because of an illegal
campfire, unfortunately, and we are seeing a lot of that,
especially in Los Padres Forest, in the sense that you have a
number of people out there, despite the numerous signs
everywhere, saying don't do something as stupid as that. But
people continue to conduct themselves in that manner,
unfortunately. Obviously, it would be nice to have staff there,
Forest Service officers there, who actually are on the grounds
and enforcing those types of laws. But unfortunately, we had to
resort to certain volunteers. I say unfortunately because that
shouldn't be their job. They are not armed. They don't have the
right law and the legal background to enforce those types of
laws. But that is what we have had to resort to in order to
ensure that people are out there, making sure that people don't
do these acts that could threaten--the forest could threaten
people.
Obviously staffing is a big issue, and you know that. And
so, I was wondering if you could elaborate on any sort of plans
that you have to address the chronic staffing issues, obviously
not just in Los Padres National Forest, but in other National
Forests across our country?
Ms. Lago. Yes, sir. Thank you.
As I mentioned, and I am not sure if you were in the room
at the time.
Mr. Panetta. And I apologize if I was not. I just came in
late. Thank you.
Ms. Lago. No problem. The result of the fire funding fix is
we have room, if our cap stays the same, to request funding for
other programs that would have had to go to the 10 year average
for fire suppression. And so, we are deeply aware of the
shortages in many programs. Law enforcement and fire prevention
are two of the areas forest protection officers--which is a
designation for people in all kinds of resources--but in
addition to their resource job, they patrol. So, having more
people on the ground is something that we are acutely aware of.
We did get direct hire authority recently for firefighting
jobs, which allows us to more efficiently hire people to be on
the ground. It will last for 1 year while OPM sees how we use
it. There is not unlimited money. We all know that. Being more
efficient with the money that we have and prioritizing these
on-the-ground activities is how we can address those issues.
Mr. Panetta. Got you. Thank you. Thank you. I appreciate
that.
Now, obviously, and I know you have talked about deferred
maintenance, and in Los Padres, our deferred maintenance
exceeds $24 million.
First of all, my question is where does that lie relative
to other National Forests and deferred maintenance?
Ms. Lago. I believe I submitted for the record a deferred
maintenance breakdown by state. I don't have one by forest, but
I am sure it exists and I would be happy to supply it.
Mr. Panetta. Understood.
Obviously, as we approach the start of the new fiscal year,
as the wildfire fix funding becomes available, can you give me
a little bit of light on the priorities, little bit of light on
your priorities, specifically whether you will be prioritizing
deferred maintenance backlog? I would like to hear about Los
Padres, but I would be more than willing to hear about
California.
Ms. Lago. Okay, thank you.
A lot of people will eventually weigh in on what the
priorities are.
Mr. Panetta. Sure.
Ms. Lago. We have had a continuing emphasis on active
management and reducing fuels. I don't see that changing. This
hearing helps us highlight the issue of maintenance and
deferred maintenance for our facilities. It is felt throughout
the Forest Service and throughout the communities that we
serve. I am happy to work with you and your staff and this
Committee's staff on how to prioritize, going forward.
Mr. Panetta. Outstanding. I look forward to that.
I yield back my time. Thank you, Madam Chair.
The Chair. Thank you. With the first round of questions
completed and without objection, we will begin a second round
of questions. Members will be recognized for 3 minutes in order
of seniority.
All right. I will begin by recognizing myself for 3
minutes.
Associate Chief Lago, thank you for all of your answers
today, and I would also offer for the hearing record a copy of
the Department of Commerce's news release on outdoor recreation
economy.
[The news release referred to is located on p. 29.]
The Chair. The report released just last week shows that
the outdoor recreation economy accounted for 2.2 percent of GDP
and supported 5.2 million jobs in 2017. This not only includes
conventional activities like camping, hiking, boating, but also
value-added activities such as construction and travel. For the
first time, the report included information on the recreation
industry's contributions by state.
Is data from reports like this considered as the Forest
Service prioritizes maintenance, and does the Forest Service
use data like this to leverage assistance from states and other
partners?
Ms. Lago. Yes, thank you, Madam Chair.
First of all with regard to that report, it is interesting
that the statistic of 2.2 percent might sound small, but it is
interesting to note that it is growing almost 50 percent faster
than general GDP. And I can tell you from the communities that
I have lived in, the ones that I hear from that depend on a
recreation economy, it is far more impactful to their economies
than 2.2 percent.
We recognize that 15 states across the country now have
recreation officers, so showing that states recognize the
importance of this recreation economy. It is not right for
every state, but definitely the recognition of the Commerce
Department, our own within USDA, not just our agency, but Rural
Development has an expanding recreation economy interest. So,
it helps us bring partners to the table. It helps us bring
investors to the table.
So, to answer your question in a word, yes.
The Chair. Thank you so much, and coming from the
Commonwealth of Virginia where we have seen recreation continue
to be a strong use of our natural resources and a major
economic driver here, I thank you for your comments.
I now recognize Mr. LaMalfa, for 3 minutes.
Mr. LaMalfa. Thank you again. I appreciate, again,
Assistant Chief Lago, for your being here.
I wanted to delve a little bit more into, again with the
road maintenance and the issues there where access has been
more difficult over the years. We have wrestled in northern
California with what is being put in travel management plans,
and it seems like it just means less and less access. We are
finding more and more closed gates and less ability for people
during the snow season for snowmobiling or off-road activity,
hunting, anybody to take vehicles in, or without vehicles. We
are finding more and more closed gates.
Does this tie in partly towards a changing view of the
multi-purpose, multi-use forest policy, or is it more about the
backlog we have of maintenance? You are talking about bridges
being removed and no longer counting them as an asset, but you
know, a great amount of frustration by my constituents, and
neighboring districts as well, is that whether you call it the
travel management plan or the maintenance backlog, it is just
meaning less access.
The travel management plan efforts, are they moving in that
direction because of the lack of maintenance, or is it some
other philosophical shift?
Ms. Lago. Thank you, Ranking Member.
We are not walking away from the multiple-use sustained
yield mandate from Congress. It is more the observation that we
want people to have access to their public lands. They don't
need public lands if they don't have access to them. But we
need to maintain the resource in a healthy condition, but we
also need to maintain those roads in a safe condition for
people to use them, roads and trails.
Our effort at travel management is aimed at looking at the
resource from the standpoint of what can we safely provide?
Mr. LaMalfa. Okay. Well, even as Mr. Panetta mentioned
here, he had a six-digit fire in number of acres in his
district. We have multiple six-digit fires in the more northern
part and other western states, and an important component of
being able to do the pre-fire work is this access, and as well
when it does come to fire suppression time, having these roads
available and intact bridges and all that, and not closed gates
and all that.
Can you please comment on the fire aspect of that and how
important it is we step back up on this?
Ms. Lago. Well, yes, sir. Roads are an essential way that
we stop fires before they get large, get people out of harm's
way when there are fires, and we absolutely need a safe,
accessible road system to be able to fulfill that part of our
mission.
Mr. LaMalfa. The multi-use? Okay, thank you. I yield back.
The Chair. I now recognize Mr. Thompson, for 3 minutes.
Mr. Thompson. Madam Chair, thank you.
Chief, I just want to check in. I know in the Forest
Service we use a concessionaire style approach, and
concessionaires play a very important role, obviously. They
help us where we need, it helps supplement the staffing and in
keeping areas open and access. My understanding, it's the
Granger-Thye Act which basically defines a landlord-tenant
relationship where the Forest Service is the landlord
responsible for all behind-the-wall fixes, including the
maintenance, capital improvements. And the tenant, the
concessionaire, just keeps everything clean and operating.
My question for you is would you like to have the authority
actually that has been granted to the Department of Defense and
to the Army Corps of Engineers which allows, basically, where
30 year leases are an option--not mandated, but an option, and
in that 30 years, that longevity, what would be that the
concessionaires are able to take on the responsibility for some
of the capital improvements.
Today, that doesn't occur in the Forest Service with a
concessionaire system. I don't know the timeline on when the
Department of Defense and the Army Corps made that transition.
Just a simple question. Was that something Forest Service would
want to consider getting the authority to do? Obviously, we
would have to provide that through the bill or whatever.
Ms. Lago. Yes, sir. I am not sure what the Army Corps of
Engineers authority is, but in fact, the Forest Service did get
leasing authority in the 2018 Farm Bill. We are developing
rules and directives, but it would enable us to do those kind
of long-term leases. I am not sure of the time period, but also
to enable the leaseholder to do improvements.
I think the Park Service has some kind of authority like
that, too. I can check on that and get back to you.
Mr. Thompson. I appreciate that. It just seems like it is
working well with the Army Corps. I have seen some of the
projects, obviously, in my Congressional district from time to
time with what these folks do, and so, it would be great to be
able--I am glad to hear that we provided at least part of that
authority.
Ms. Lago. Yes, sir.
Mr. Thompson. If we haven't done enough, please let us
know. We want you to have the authority to be successful.
Ms. Lago. Thank you.
Mr. Thompson. Thank you, Madam Chair. I yield back.
The Chair. And I now recognize Ranking Member LaMalfa for
one more 3 minute question.
Mr. LaMalfa. Just one more. Thank you so much.
Again, when we were talking about the backlog, when we are
seeing the Forest Service absorbing more lands through
donations from maybe NGOs or other instances, or the LWCF has
also introduced more land back into Forest Service control. How
is that contributing to the backlog and your ability to keep
up, and as well as updating this $5.2 billion backlog figure?
Ms. Lago. Well, that is a great question.
I am not sure what the value or the assets that a lot of
the lands that we acquire through Land and Water Conservation
Fund. I am familiar with areas that we prioritize because they
have important wildlife habitat value, water quality value,
that kind of thing, which leads me to think they don't have a
lot of infrastructure on them. But you know, I don't know that
conclusively and I would have to do some checking.
Mr. LaMalfa. I would be really interested in that, how much
that is adding to the burden of an already difficult situation.
So, with that, I appreciate it, Madam Chair, and for your
appearance today, Ms. Lago, and I will yield back.
The Chair. Thank you. I would like to thank Associate Chief
Lago for her comments and for her time here today.
What we have heard today underscores the importance of the
Forest Service's work, and the challenges it faces. I hope we
all leave here with an appreciation for the role that well-
maintained forest infrastructure can have significant impacts
on people's lives, their work, and their play in and around
National Forests, as well as the communities and economies
surrounding our National Forests.
We have also heard loud and clear that dozens of
infrastructure projects are ready for implementation, but
require the necessary funding, and carrying out these much-
needed maintenance projects will support jobs in rural
communities, as soon as the Forest Service receives the funding
to complete them.
I hope that we all leave here with a better sense of what
we can do in the Subcommittee to help the Forest Service carry
out its mission, and again, I thank you, Ms. Lago, for your
time today.
Before we adjourn, I invite the Ranking Member to make any
closing remarks that he may have.
Without any, under the Rules of the Committee, the record
of today's hearing will remain open for 10 calendar days to
receive additional material and supplemental written responses
from the witness to any question posed by a Member.
This hearing of the Subcommittee on Conservation and
Forestry is adjourned.
[Whereupon, at 11:23 a.m., the Subcommittee was adjourned.]
[Material submitted for inclusion in the record follows:]
Submitted News Release by Hon. Abigail Davis Spanberger, a
Representative in Congress from Virginia
News Release
Embargoed Until Release At 8:30 A.M. EDT, Friday, September 20, 2019
BEA 19-45
https://www.bea.gov/news/2019/outdoor-recreation-satellite-account-us-
and-prototype-states-2017
Technical: Christian Awuku-Budu (Regional),(301) 278-9235,
[email protected]
Connor Franks (Industry), (301) 278-9710
Media: Thomas Dail, (301) 278-9003, [email protected]
Outdoor Recreation Satellite Account, U.S. and Prototype for States,
2017
New prototype statistics show state value added, compensation, and
employment
The U.S. outdoor recreation economy accounted for 2.2 percent
($427.2 billion) of current-dollar gross domestic product (GDP) in 2017
(national table 2) according to statistics released today by the Bureau
of Economic Analysis. The Outdoor Recreation Satellite Account (ORSA)
also shows that inflation-adjusted (real) GDP for the outdoor
recreation economy grew by 3.9 percent in 2017, faster than the 2.4
percent growth of the overall U.S. economy. Real gross output,
compensation, and employment all grew faster in outdoor recreation than
for the economy as a whole.
With this release, BEA introduces prototype statistics on outdoor
recreation for all 50 states and the District of Columbia. These new
statistics show that the relative size of the outdoor recreation
economy ranged from 5.4 percent of GDP for Hawaii to 1.2 percent of GDP
for the District of Columbia.
Outdoor Recreation Value-Added: Percent of State GDP, 2017
[GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]
U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis.
Outdoor Recreation by Activity
For the first time, ORSA includes information on the contribution
of outdoor recreation activities to GDP. These data, referred to as
value added by activity statistics, are available at both the national
and state level.
Activities are grouped into three categories: conventional core
activities (such as camping, hiking, boating, and hunting); other core
activities (such as gardening and outdoor concerts); and supporting
activities (such as construction, travel and tourism, local trips, and
government expenditures).
Conventional outdoor recreation accounted for 30.6 percent of the
outdoor recreation economy nationwide in 2017, other recreation
accounted for 19.3 percent, and the remaining 50.1 percent was
supporting activities (national table 2).
Nominal Value-Added for Largest Conventional Outdoor Recreation
Activities, 2017 ($ Billions)
[GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]
Other value added by activity highlights include the following:
Boating/fishing was the largest conventional activity for
the nation as a whole at $20.9 billion in current-dollar value
added. At the state level, this was the largest conventional
activity in 29 states and the District of Columbia, led by
Florida ($2.7 billion) and California ($1.8 billion).
RVing was the second-largest conventional activity
nationally with $16.9 billion in current-dollar value added. It
was also the largest conventional activity in nine states, led
by Indiana ($2.9 billion) and Ohio ($599.5 million).
Snow activities was the sixth-largest conventional activity
at the national level with $5.6 billion in current-dollar value
added. At the state level, snow activities was the largest
conventional activity in Colorado ($1.5 billion), Utah ($549.2
million), and Vermont ($175.9 million).
Guided tours/outfitted travel, part of the other core
activities category, accounted for $12.9 billion and was also
one of the fastest growing activities in 2017, growing 11.4
percent.
Outdoor Recreation by Industry
Today's data also show the role that different industries play in
the outdoor recreation economy, including their impact on value added,
gross output, employment, and compensation. The arts, entertainment,
recreation, accommodation, and food services sector was the largest
contributor to the U.S. outdoor recreation economy in 2017, accounting
for $112.9 billion (national table 10). At the state level, this same
sector was the largest contributor to outdoor recreation for 26 states
and the District of Columbia.
Industry Composition of Outdoor Recreation Nominal Value-Added, 2017 ($
Billions)
[GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]
Other value added by industry highlights include the following:
Retail trade had the second largest sector contribution to
outdoor recreation nationally, accounting for $95.7 billion of
current-dollar value added. Retail trade was the largest
contributor to outdoor recreation value added in 17 states,
including Texas ($8.5 billion), Washington ($2.8 billion), and
Ohio ($2.7 billion).
Manufacturing contributed $51.7 billion nationally to the
outdoor recreation economy in 2017 and was the third largest
outdoor recreation sector. At the state level, manufacturing
was the largest sector for outdoor recreation value added in
Indiana ($4.7 billion), Wisconsin ($2.0 billion), Louisiana
($1.6 billion), and Kansas ($684.2 million).
Seeking Public Comment
The public is invited to submit comments on the prototype state
statistics by emailing [email protected]. Comments are due by
March 31, 2020. The feedback will be used to help finalize data sources
and methodology for the state outdoor recreation statistics. Official
state statistics are scheduled for release in the fall of 2020.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Preparing State-Level Outdoor Recreation Satellite Account Estimates
State Outdoor Recreation Satellite Account (ORSA) statistics isolate
the economic activity associated with outdoor recreation spending and
production in a state's economy. The state-level prototype statistics
are an extension of the national industry ORSA statistics. The
concepts, definitions, and methodology used to produce state-level
prototype statistics are consistent with the national industry
concepts, definitions, and methodology. The U.S. ORSA methodology paper
(https://www.bea.gov/resources/methodologies/outdoor-recreation-
satellite-account-methodology) provides more information about these
concepts, definitions, and methodology.
Geography of outdoor recreation
Outdoor recreation is measured by place of production, not residence
of consumer. The value of manufactured goods, such as boats, is
assigned to the state where they are produced, even if the goods are
not ultimately used there. Services, such as sailing lessons, are
assigned to the location where they are consumed. The value of services
provided by retailers, such as boat dealers, is also assigned to the
location of sale. The services of retailers (known as trade margins)
are not measured by sales but are most akin to sales less the cost of
goods sold. The production of imported goods is excluded from ORSA, but
the value of the services of retailers selling the imported goods is
included.
Outdoor recreation spending and production are allocated to states
by applying state-level data to detailed, underlying national values.
The underlying estimates are distributed to states before aggregation
to publication levels to provide the most accurate state values
possible. Prototype statistics are primarily based on time-series data
generated from the Economic Census and Quarterly Census of Employment
and Wages (QCEW). Additional government and nongovernment data sources
are used to supplement the census data and to refine and evaluate the
statistics.
Regional tables
Activity tables show states' total outdoor recreation value-added
contributions to an activity, regardless of the contributing industry.
For example, boating value added by state represents all contributions
by in-state boat manufacturers, marinas, repair shops, etc., to the
boating activity.
Industry tables show states' total outdoor recreation-related value
added, employment, and compensation by industry, regardless of the
outdoor activities the industries support. Outdoor recreation-related
activity is included in the states' industry totals even if the final
consumption occurs outside the state.
A state's total value added across all outdoor recreation activities
will equal the state's total value added across all outdoor recreation
industries.
Definitions
ORSA employment consists of all full-time, part-time, and temporary
wage-and-salary jobs where the workers are engaged in the production of
outdoor recreation goods and services. Self-employed individuals are
excluded from employment totals.
ORSA compensation consists of the pay to employees (including wages
and salaries, and benefits such as employer contributions to pension
and health funds) in return for their outdoor recreation-related work
during a given year. Pay to the self-employed is excluded from
compensation but included in value added.
ORSA value-added (also referred to as GDP) consists of the value of
outdoor recreation goods and services produced less the value of
expenses incurred for their production. The activity of self-employed
individuals is included in value added.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Additional Information
Resources
Additional resources available at www.bea.gov:
Find the latest information on the Outdoor Recreation
Satellite Account at BEA's outdoor recreation page (https://
www.bea.gov/data/special-topics/outdoor-recreation).
Stay informed about BEA developments by reading the BEA blog
(https://www.bea.gov/news/blog), signing up for BEA's email
subscription service (https://www.bea.gov/_subscribe/), or
following BEA on Twitter @BEA_News (https://twitter.com/
bea_news).
Access BEA data by registering for BEA's Data application
programming interface (https://apps.bea.gov/API/signup/
index.cfm) (API).
For more on BEA's statistics, see our monthly online
journal, the Survey of Current Business (https://apps.bea.gov/
scb/index.htm).
BEA's news release schedule (https://www.bea.gov/news/
schedule).
NIPA Handbook (https://www.bea.gov/resources/methodologies/
nipa-handbook): Concepts and Methods of the U.S. National
Income and Product Accounts.
Complete information on the sources and methods for the
estimation of BEA's State Personal Income and Employment
(https://www.bea.gov/resources/methodologies/spi2017).
Definitions
Gross domestic product (GDP) or value-added is the value of the
goods and services produced by the nation's economy less the value of
the goods and services used up in production. GDP is also equal to the
sum of personal consumption expenditures, gross private domestic
investment, net exports of goods and services, and government
consumption expenditures and gross investment.
Gross output (GO) is the value of the goods and services produced
by the nation's economy. It is principally measured using industry
sales or receipts, including sales to final users (GDP) and sales to
other industries.
Current-dollar estimates are valued in the prices of the period
when the transactions occurred--that is, at ``market value.'' Also
referred to as ``nominal estimates'' or as ``current-price estimates.''
Chained-dollar estimates are calculated by taking the current-
dollar level of a series in the base period and multiplying it by the
change in the chained-type quantity index number for the series since
the base period. Chained-dollar estimates correctly show growth rates
for a series but are not additive in periods other than the base
period.
ORSA employment consists of all full-time, part-time, and temporary
wage-and-salary jobs where the workers are engaged in the production of
outdoor recreation goods and services. Self-employed individuals are
excluded from employment totals.
ORSA compensation consists of the pay to employees (including wages
and salaries, and benefits such as employer contributions to pension
and health funds) in return for their outdoor recreation-related work
during a given year. Pay to the self-employed is excluded from
compensation but included in value added.
ORSA value-added (also referred to as GDP) consists of the value of
outdoor recreation goods and services produced less the value of
expenses incurred for their production. The activity of self-employed
individuals is included in value added.
Statistical Conventions
Quarter-to-quarter percent changes are calculated from unrounded
data and are annualized. Annualized growth rates show the rate of
change that would have occurred had the pattern been repeated over four
quarters (1 year). Annualized rates of change can be calculated as
follows: (((level of later quarter/level of earlier quarter)-4)^1)*100.
Quarterly estimates are expressed at seasonally adjusted annual rates,
unless otherwise specified. Quarter-to-quarter dollar changes are
differences between published estimates.
List of National Level News Release Tables
Table 1. Real Outdoor Recreation Value-Added by Activity
Table 2. Outdoor Recreation Value-Added by Activity
Table 3. Outdoor Recreation Value-Added by Activity as a Percentage
of Gross Domestic Product
Table 4. Outdoor Recreation Value-Added by Activity as a Percentage
of Total Outdoor Recreation Value-Added
Table 5. Chain-type Quantity Indexes for Outdoor Recreation Value-
Added by Activity
Table 6. Percent Changes in Chain-Type Quantity Indexes for Outdoor
Recreation Value-Added by Activity
Table 7. Chain-Type Price Indexes for Outdoor Recreation Value-
Added by Activity
Table 8. Percent Changes in Chain-Type Price Indexes for Outdoor
Recreation Value-Added by Activity
Table 9. Real Outdoor Recreation Value-Added by Industry
Table 10. Outdoor Recreation Value-Added by Industry
Table 11. Outdoor Recreation Value-Added by Industry as a
Percentage of Gross Domestic Product
Table 12. Outdoor Recreation Value-Added by Industry as a
Percentage of Total Outdoor Recreation Value-Added
Table 13. Chain-type Quantity Indexes for Outdoor Recreation Value-
Added by Industry
Table 14. Percent Changes in Chain-Type Quantity Indexes for
Outdoor Recreation Value-Added by Industry
Table 15. Chain-Type Price Indexes for Outdoor Recreation Value-
Added by Industry
Table 16. Percent Changes in Chain-Type Price Indexes for Outdoor
Recreation Value-Added by Industry
Table 17. Real Outdoor Recreation Gross Output by Activity
Table 18. Outdoor Recreation Gross Output by Activity
Table 19. Chain-type Quantity Indexes for Outdoor Recreation Gross
Output by Activity
Table 20. Percent Changes in Chain-Type Quantity Indexes for
Outdoor Recreation Gross Output by Activity
Table 21. Chain-Type Price Indexes for Outdoor Recreation Gross
Output by Activity
Table 22. Percent Changes in Chain-Type Price Indexes for Outdoor
Recreation Gross Output by Activity
Table 23. Real Outdoor Recreation Gross Output by Industry
Table 24. Outdoor Recreation Gross Output by Industry
Table 25. Chain-type Quantity Indexes for Outdoor Recreation Gross
Output by Industry
Table 26. Percent Changes in Chain-Type Quantity Indexes for
Outdoor Recreation Gross Output by Industry
Table 27. Chain-Type Price Indexes for Outdoor Recreation Gross
Output by Industry
Table 28. Percent Changes in Chain-Type Price Indexes for Outdoor
Recreation Gross Output by Industry
Table 29. Outdoor Recreation Compensation by Industry
Table 30. Outdoor Recreation Employment by Industry
List of State Level News Release Tables
Table 1. Outdoor Recreation Value-Added, Employment, and
Compensation as a percent of Total, 2017
Table 2. Value-Added Outdoor Recreation by State, Selected
Activities, 2017
Table 3. Value-Added Outdoor Recreation by State, Selected
Industries, 2017
Table 4. Employment, Outdoor Recreation by State, Selected
Industries, 2017
Table 5. Compensation, Outdoor Recreation by State, Selected
Industries, 2017
national level news release tables
Table 1. Real Outdoor Recreation Value-Added by Activity
[Millions of chained (2012) dollars]
Bureau of Economic Analysis
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 Total Outdoor 360,509 361,153 363,128 370,446 371,789 386,107
Recreation
2 Total Core 181,182 182,453 185,380 186,452 187,001 196,628
Outdoor Recreation
3 Conventional 111,349 112,623 113,991 116,012 116,392 122,221
Outdoor
Recreation
4 Bicycling 1,750 1,877 1,904 1,839 2,073 2,091
5 Boating/ 17,436 17,165 17,235 17,629 17,897 18,733
Fishing
6 Canoeing 76 73 76 78 80 83
7 Kayaking 326 323 315 327 347 363
8 Fishing 2,583 2,478 2,486 2,533 2,522 2,500
(excludes
Boating)
9 Sailing 1,042 1,039 1,095 1,105 1,145 1,192
10 Other Boating 13,408 13,254 13,267 13,589 13,805 14,590
11 Climbing/ 3,067 3,141 3,179 3,106 3,266 3,241
Hiking/Tent
Camping
12 Equestrian 5,245 5,389 5,686 5,800 6,139 6,800
13 Hunting/ 6,514 7,288 6,821 7,393 6,938 7,900
Shooting/
Trapping
14 Hunting/ 3,457 3,763 3,474 3,872 3,388 3,811
Trapping
15 Shooting 3,057 3,526 3,349 3,517 3,563 4,107
(includes
Archery)
16 Motorcycling/ 8,144 8,177 8,384 8,474 8,255 8,315
ATVing
17 Recreational 1,166 1,111 1,186 1,208 1,247 1,258
Flying
18 RVing 12,654 13,048 13,146 13,314 13,485 14,797
19 Snow 5,041 4,888 5,214 5,220 5,055 5,152
Activities
20 Skiing 1,565 1,541 1,675 1,689 1,646 1,725
21 Snowboarding 1,346 1,342 1,429 1,430 1,443 1,524
22 Other Snow 2,130 2,005 2,111 2,102 1,966 1,903
Activities
(includes
Snowmobiling) \
1\1
23 Other 8,813 8,694 9,425 9,603 9,797 10,111
Conventional
Outdoor
Recreation
Activities
24 Other 6,909 6,907 7,521 7,623 7,845 8,175
Conventional
Air and Land
Activities \2\
25 Other 1,904 1,787 1,908 1,980 1,959 1,952
Conventional
Water
Activities \3\
26 Multi-use 41,519 41,842 41,851 42,451 42,255 43,722
Apparel and
Accessories
(Conventional)
\4\
27 Other Outdoor 69,833 69,828 71,388 70,445 70,613 74,407
Recreation
28 Amusement 8,918 8,087 7,916 7,940 8,033 8,639
Parks/Water
Parks
29 Festivals/ 10,703 11,102 11,800 10,731 11,218 11,594
Sporting Events/
Concerts
30 Field Sports 2,719 2,659 2,791 2,868 2,931 2,975
31 Game Areas 16,996 17,168 16,982 16,550 16,882 17,831
(includes
Golfing and
Tennis)
32 Guided Tours/ 12,054 11,904 12,069 11,156 10,139 11,136
Outfitted
Travel
33 Air and Land 6,588 6,536 6,830 6,678 6,393 6,687
Guided Tours/
Outfitted
Travel
34 Water Guided 5,466 5,368 5,241 4,487 3,761 4,457
Tours/
Outfitted
Travel
(includes
Boating and
Fishing
Charters)
35 Productive 6,680 6,928 7,795 8,300 8,564 8,882
Activities
(includes
Gardening)
36 Other Outdoor 8,249 8,208 8,511 9,304 9,312 9,621
Recreation
Activities \5\
37 Multi-use 3,513 3,803 3,599 3,805 3,779 3,904
Apparel and
Accessories
(Other) \4\
38 Supporting 179,327 178,700 177,768 183,951 184,743 189,505
Outdoor Recreation
39 Construction 5,392 5,187 5,217 5,497 5,688 5,809
40 Local Trips 33,019 33,206 33,578 33,398 32,322 33,005
and Travel \6\
41 Trips and 122,373 121,888 120,768 126,700 127,733 131,103
Travel \7\
42 Food and 21,802 17,871 18,218 18,783 18,817 19,074
Beverages
43 Lodging 34,614 35,523 32,472 35,057 34,973 34,726
44 Shopping and 20,725 21,141 21,330 21,354 21,419 21,721
Souvenirs
45 Transportatio 45,231 47,379 48,823 51,551 52,584 55,730
n
46 Government 18,543 18,424 18,222 18,351 18,912 19,493
Expenditures
47 Federal 2,751 2,960 2,743 2,677 2,776 2,746
Government
48 State and 15,793 15,469 15,474 15,664 16,127 16,732
Local
Government
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Legend/Footnotes:
\1\ Consists of dog mushing, sleighing, snowmobiling, snow shoeing, snow tubing.
\2\ Consists of air sports, driving for pleasure, geocaching/orienteering/rock hounding, ice skating, inline
skating, land/sand sailing, races, running/walking/jogging, skateboarding, and wildlife watching/birding.
\3\ Consists of boardsailing/windsurfing, SCUBA diving, snorkeling, stand-up paddling, surfing, tubing,
wakeboarding, water skiing, and whitewater rafting.
\4\ Consists of backpacks, bug spray, coolers, general outdoor clothing, GPS equipment, hydration equipment,
lighting, sports racks, sunscreen, watches, and other miscellaneous gear and equipment.
\5\ Consists of agritourism, augmented reality games, beachgoing, disc golf, hot springs soaking, kite flying,
model airplane/rocket/UAV, paintball, photography, stargazing/astronomy, swimming, therapeutic programs, water
polo, yard sports.
\6\ Trip expenses less than 50 miles away from home, including food and beverages, lodging, shopping and
souvenirs, and transportation.
\7\ Travel and tourism expenses in the Outdoor Recreation Satellite Account are consistent with the Travel and
Tourism Satellite Account, which includes only expenses for travel at least 50 miles away from home.
Table 2. Outdoor Recreation Value-Added by Activity
[Millions of current dollars]
Bureau of Economic Analysis
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 Total Outdoor 360,509 369,280 378,654 400,205 407,362 427,189
Recreation
2 Total Core 181,182 186,700 191,226 198,881 202,513 213,246
Outdoor Recreation
3 Conventional 111,349 115,482 117,737 123,249 124,873 130,844
Outdoor
Recreation
4 Bicycling 1,750 1,850 1,876 1,845 2,151 2,145
5 Boating/ 17,436 17,691 18,306 19,253 19,920 20,887
Fishing
6 Canoeing 76 74 79 83 88 92
7 Kayaking 326 335 343 362 397 414
8 Fishing 2,583 2,623 2,635 2,730 2,715 2,686
(excludes
Boating)
9 Sailing 1,042 1,048 1,124 1,183 1,259 1,295
10 Other Boating 13,408 13,611 14,125 14,894 15,461 16,399
11 Climbing/ 3,067 3,201 3,303 3,441 3,488 3,465
Hiking/Tent
Camping
12 Equestrian 5,245 5,523 6,146 6,437 6,842 7,756
13 Hunting/ 6,514 7,604 7,225 8,063 7,746 8,787
Shooting/
Trapping
14 Hunting/ 3,457 3,967 3,768 4,354 3,922 4,404
Trapping
15 Shooting 3,057 3,637 3,457 3,709 3,824 4,383
(includes
Archery)
16 Motorcycling/ 8,144 8,311 8,463 8,789 8,861 9,079
ATVing
17 Recreational 1,166 1,221 1,289 1,326 1,318 1,400
Flying
18 RVing 12,654 13,500 14,123 14,888 15,411 16,888
19 Snow 5,041 4,897 5,297 5,530 5,449 5,646
Activities
20 Skiing 1,565 1,534 1,682 1,779 1,784 1,849
21 Snowboarding 1,346 1,341 1,441 1,521 1,579 1,648
22 Other Snow 2,130 2,022 2,174 2,230 2,086 2,149
Activities
(includes
Snowmobiling)
\1\
23 Other 8,813 8,969 9,192 9,575 9,697 10,072
Conventional
Outdoor
Recreation
Activities
24 Other 6,909 7,106 7,206 7,448 7,557 7,965
Conventional
Air and Land
Activities \2\
25 Other 1,904 1,863 1,987 2,127 2,141 2,107
Conventional
Water
Activities \3\
26 Multi-use 41,519 42,713 42,517 44,101 43,989 44,719
Apparel and
Accessories
(Conventional)
\4\
27 Other Outdoor 69,833 71,219 73,490 75,633 77,640 82,402
Recreation
28 Amusement 8,918 8,804 9,112 9,740 10,537 11,859
Parks/Water
Parks
29 Festivals/ 10,703 11,385 12,477 12,258 13,368 14,143
Sporting Events/
Concerts
30 Field Sports 2,719 2,738 2,896 3,057 3,184 3,238
31 Game Areas 16,996 17,071 16,993 17,306 18,015 18,471
(includes
Golfing and
Tennis)
32 Guided Tours/ 12,054 12,113 12,545 12,275 11,572 12,890
Outfitted
Travel
33 Air and Land 6,588 6,632 7,051 7,288 7,217 7,666
Guided Tours/
Outfitted
Travel
34 Water Guided 5,466 5,481 5,494 4,987 4,354 5,224
Tours/
Outfitted
Travel
(includes
Boating and
Fishing
Charters)
35 Productive 6,680 6,979 7,146 7,478 7,628 8,098
Activities
(includes
Gardening)
36 Other Outdoor 8,249 8,315 8,722 9,710 9,597 9,822
Recreation
Activities \5\
37 Multi-use 3,513 3,814 3,599 3,810 3,741 3,882
Apparel and
Accessories
(Other) \4\
38 Supporting 179,327 182,580 187,428 201,324 204,849 213,944
Outdoor Recreation
39 Construction 5,392 5,504 5,930 6,650 7,315 7,853
40 Local Trips 33,019 33,467 34,534 35,489 34,118 35,763
and Travel \6\
41 Trips and 122,373 124,141 126,877 138,338 141,933 147,813
Travel \7\
42 Food and 21,802 18,405 19,218 20,800 21,714 22,678
Beverages
43 Lodging 34,614 36,498 34,698 38,805 40,036 40,786
44 Shopping and 20,725 21,372 21,984 22,719 22,901 23,196
Souvenirs
45 Transportatio 45,231 47,866 50,977 56,014 57,281 61,152
n
46 Government 18,543 19,468 20,087 20,846 21,483 22,515
Expenditures
47 Federal 2,751 3,018 2,874 2,858 3,013 3,066
Government
48 State and 15,793 16,450 17,213 17,989 18,470 19,449
Local
Government
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Legend/Footnotes:
\1\ Consists of dog mushing, sleighing, snowmobiling, snow shoeing, snow tubing.
\2\ Consists of air sports, driving for pleasure, geocaching/orienteering/rock hounding, ice skating, inline
skating, land/sand sailing, races, running/walking/jogging, skateboarding, and wildlife watching/birding.
\3\ Consists of boardsailing/windsurfing, SCUBA diving, snorkeling, stand-up paddling, surfing, tubing,
wakeboarding, water skiing, and whitewater rafting.
\4\ Consists of backpacks, bug spray, coolers, general outdoor clothing, GPS equipment, hydration equipment,
lighting, sports racks, sunscreen, watches, and other miscellaneous gear and equipment.
\5\ Consists of agritourism, augmented reality games, beachgoing, disc golf, hot springs soaking, kite flying,
model airplane/rocket/UAV, paintball, photography, stargazing/astronomy, swimming, therapeutic programs, water
polo, yard sports.
\6\ Trip expenses less than 50 miles away from home, including food and beverages, lodging, shopping and
souvenirs, and transportation.
\7\ Travel and tourism expenses in the Outdoor Recreation Satellite Account are consistent with the Travel and
Tourism Satellite Account, which includes only expenses for travel at least 50 miles away from home.
Table 3. Outdoor Recreation Value-Added by Activity as a Percentage of Gross Domestic Product
[Percent]
Bureau of Economic Analysis
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 Total Outdoor 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2
Recreation
2 Total Core 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1
Outdoor Recreation
3 Conventional 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7
Outdoor
Recreation
4 Bicycling 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
5 Boating/ 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
Fishing
6 Canoeing 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
7 Kayaking 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
8 Fishing 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
(excludes
Boating)
9 Sailing 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
10 Other Boating 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
11 Climbing/ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Hiking/Tent
Camping
12 Equestrian 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
13 Hunting/ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Shooting/
Trapping
14 Hunting/ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Trapping
15 Shooting 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
(includes
Archery)
16 Motorcycling/ 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
ATVing
17 Recreational 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Flying
18 RVing 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
19 Snow 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Activities
20 Skiing 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
21 Snowboarding 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
22 Other Snow 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Activities
(includes
Snowmobiling)
\1\
23 Other 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
Conventional
Outdoor
Recreation
Activities
24 Other 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Conventional
Air and Land
Activities \2\
25 Other 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Conventional
Water
Activities \3\
26 Multi-use 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2
Apparel and
Accessories
(Conventional)
\4\
27 Other Outdoor 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4
Recreation
28 Amusement 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
Parks/Water
Parks
29 Festivals/ 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
Sporting Events/
Concerts
30 Field Sports 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
31 Game Areas 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
(includes
Golfing and
Tennis)
32 Guided Tours/ 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
Outfitted
Travel
33 Air and Land 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Guided Tours/
Outfitted
Travel
34 Water Guided 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Tours/
Outfitted
Travel
(includes
Boating and
Fishing
Charters)
35 Productive 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Activities
(includes
Gardening)
36 Other Outdoor 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1
Recreation
Activities \5\
37 Multi-use 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Apparel and
Accessories
(Other) \4\
38 Supporting 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1
Outdoor Recreation
39 Construction 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
40 Local Trips 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2
and Travel \6\
41 Trips and 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.8
Travel \7\
42 Food and 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
Beverages
43 Lodging 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2
44 Shopping and 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
Souvenirs
45 Transportatio 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3
n
46 Government 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
Expenditures
47 Federal 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Government
48 State and 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
Local
Government
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Legend/Footnotes:
\1\ Consists of dog mushing, sleighing, snowmobiling, snow shoeing, snow tubing.
\2\ Consists of air sports, driving for pleasure, geocaching/orienteering/rock hounding, ice skating, inline
skating, land/sand sailing, races, running/walking/jogging, skateboarding, and wildlife watching/birding.
\3\ Consists of boardsailing/windsurfing, SCUBA diving, snorkeling, stand-up paddling, surfing, tubing,
wakeboarding, water skiing, and whitewater rafting.
\4\ Consists of backpacks, bug spray, coolers, general outdoor clothing, GPS equipment, hydration equipment,
lighting, sports racks, sunscreen, watches, and other miscellaneous gear and equipment.
\5\ Consists of agritourism, augmented reality games, beachgoing, disc golf, hot springs soaking, kite flying,
model airplane/rocket/UAV, paintball, photography, stargazing/astronomy, swimming, therapeutic programs, water
polo, yard sports.
\6\ Trip expenses less than 50 miles away from home, including food and beverages, lodging, shopping and
souvenirs, and transportation.
\7\ Travel and tourism expenses in the Outdoor Recreation Satellite Account are consistent with the Travel and
Tourism Satellite Account, which includes only expenses for travel at least 50 miles away from home.
Table 4. Outdoor Recreation Value-Added by Activity as a Percentage of Total Outdoor Recreation Value-Added
[Percent]
Bureau of Economic Analysis
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 Total Outdoor 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Recreation
2 Total Core 50.3 50.6 50.5 49.7 49.7 49.9
Outdoor Recreation
3 Conventional 30.9 31.3 31.1 30.8 30.7 30.6
Outdoor
Recreation
4 Bicycling 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
5 Boating/ 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.9 4.9
Fishing
6 Canoeing 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
7 Kayaking 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
8 Fishing 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.6
(excludes
Boating)
9 Sailing 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3
10 Other Boating 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.8 3.8
11 Climbing/ 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.8
Hiking/Tent
Camping
12 Equestrian 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.8
13 Hunting/ 1.8 2.1 1.9 2.0 1.9 2.1
Shooting/
Trapping
14 Hunting/ 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.0
Trapping
15 Shooting 0.8 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.0
(includes
Archery)
16 Motorcycling/ 2.3 2.3 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.1
ATVing
17 Recreational 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3
Flying
18 RVing 3.5 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.8 4.0
19 Snow 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.3
Activities
20 Skiing 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4
21 Snowboarding 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4
22 Other Snow 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5
Activities
(includes
Snowmobiling)
\1\
23 Other 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4
Conventional
Outdoor
Recreation
Activities
24 Other 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9
Conventional
Air and Land
Activities \2\
25 Other 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
Conventional
Water
Activities \3\
26 Multi-use 11.5 11.6 11.2 11.0 10.8 10.5
Apparel and
Accessories
(Conventional)
\4\
27 Other Outdoor 19.4 19.3 19.4 18.9 19.1 19.3
Recreation
28 Amusement 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.6 2.8
Parks/Water
Parks
29 Festivals/ 3.0 3.1 3.3 3.1 3.3 3.3
Sporting Events/
Concerts
30 Field Sports 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8
31 Game Areas 4.7 4.6 4.5 4.3 4.4 4.3
(includes
Golfing and
Tennis)
32 Guided Tours/ 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.1 2.8 3.0
Outfitted
Travel
33 Air and Land 1.8 1.8 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.8
Guided Tours/
Outfitted
Travel
34 Water Guided 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.2 1.1 1.2
Tours/
Outfitted
Travel
(includes
Boating and
Fishing
Charters)
35 Productive 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9
Activities
(includes
Gardening)
36 Other Outdoor 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.4 2.4 2.3
Recreation
Activities \5\
37 Multi-use 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.9
Apparel and
Accessories
(Other) \4\
38 Supporting 49.7 49.4 49.5 50.3 50.3 50.1
Outdoor Recreation
39 Construction 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.8
40 Local Trips 9.2 9.1 9.1 8.9 8.4 8.4
and Travel \6\
41 Trips and 33.9 33.6 33.5 34.6 34.8 34.6
Travel \7\
42 Food and 6.0 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.3
Beverages
43 Lodging 9.6 9.9 9.2 9.7 9.8 9.5
44 Shopping and 5.7 5.8 5.8 5.7 5.6 5.4
Souvenirs
45 Transportatio 12.5 13.0 13.5 14.0 14.1 14.3
n
46 Government 5.1 5.3 5.3 5.2 5.3 5.3
Expenditures
47 Federal 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.7
Government
48 State and 4.4 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.6
Local
Government
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Legend/Footnotes:
\1\ Consists of dog mushing, sleighing, snowmobiling, snow shoeing, snow tubing.
\2\ Consists of air sports, driving for pleasure, geocaching/orienteering/rock hounding, ice skating, inline
skating, land/sand sailing, races, running/walking/jogging, skateboarding, and wildlife watching/birding.
\3\ Consists of boardsailing/windsurfing, SCUBA diving, snorkeling, stand-up paddling, surfing, tubing,
wakeboarding, water skiing, and whitewater rafting.
\4\ Consists of backpacks, bug spray, coolers, general outdoor clothing, GPS equipment, hydration equipment,
lighting, sports racks, sunscreen, watches, and other miscellaneous gear and equipment.
\5\ Consists of agritourism, augmented reality games, beachgoing, disc golf, hot springs soaking, kite flying,
model airplane/rocket/UAV, paintball, photography, stargazing/astronomy, swimming, therapeutic programs, water
polo, yard sports.
\6\ Trip expenses less than 50 miles away from home, including food and beverages, lodging, shopping and
souvenirs, and transportation.
\7\ Travel and tourism expenses in the Outdoor Recreation Satellite Account are consistent with the Travel and
Tourism Satellite Account, which includes only expenses for travel at least 50 miles away from home.
Table 5. Chain-Type Quantity Indexes for Outdoor Recreation Value-Added by Activity
[index numbers, 2012 = 100]
Bureau of Economic Analysis
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 Total Outdoor 100.000 100.179 100.726 102.756 103.129 107.100
Recreation
2 Total Core 100.000 100.701 102.317 102.909 103.212 108.525
Outdoor Recreation
3 Conventional 100.000 101.144 102.372 104.188 104.529 109.764
Outdoor
Recreation
4 Bicycling 100.000 107.240 108.818 105.065 118.450 119.503
5 Boating/ 100.000 98.447 98.851 101.108 102.648 107.441
Fishing
6 Canoeing 100.000 95.799 99.911 102.616 105.238 109.753
7 Kayaking 100.000 98.969 96.444 100.009 106.303 111.097
8 Fishing 100.000 95.938 96.230 98.074 97.624 96.795
(excludes
Boating)
9 Sailing 100.000 99.695 105.104 106.027 109.881 114.393
10 Other Boating 100.000 98.845 98.944 101.346 102.960 108.814
11 Climbing/ 100.000 102.414 103.649 101.273 106.483 105.675
Hiking/Tent
Camping
12 Equestrian 100.000 102.742 108.406 110.581 117.034 129.638
13 Hunting/ 100.000 111.883 104.710 113.490 106.514 121.281
Shooting/
Trapping
14 Hunting/ 100.000 108.862 100.517 112.028 98.031 110.262
Trapping
15 Shooting 100.000 115.334 109.540 115.035 116.529 134.345
(includes
Archery)
16 Motorcycling/ 100.000 100.408 102.951 104.050 101.368 102.098
ATVing
17 Recreational 100.000 95.281 101.700 103.588 106.945 107.869
Flying
18 RVing 100.000 103.114 103.886 105.209 106.567 116.933
19 Snow 100.000 96.965 103.424 103.558 100.273 102.196
Activities
20 Skiing 100.000 98.431 106.990 107.911 105.166 110.214
21 Snowboarding 100.000 99.753 106.177 106.260 107.193 113.259
22 Other Snow 100.000 94.146 99.107 98.703 92.305 89.350
Activities
(includes
Snowmobiling)
\1\
23 Other 100.000 98.651 106.942 108.958 111.158 114.725
Conventional
Outdoor
Recreation
Activities
24 Other 100.000 99.978 108.856 110.336 113.546 118.325
Conventional
Air and Land
Activities \2\
25 Other 100.000 93.855 100.167 103.952 102.860 102.493
Conventional
Water
Activities \3\
26 Multi-use 100.000 100.779 100.801 102.246 101.773 105.308
Apparel and
Accessories
(Conventional)
\4\
27 Other Outdoor 100.000 99.993 102.227 100.876 101.117 106.551
Recreation
28 Amusement 100.000 90.681 88.766 89.034 90.077 96.872
Parks/Water
Parks
29 Festivals/ 100.000 103.722 110.242 100.261 104.805 108.326
Sporting Events/
Concerts
30 Field Sports 100.000 97.794 102.641 105.473 107.807 109.408
31 Game Areas 100.000 101.016 99.922 97.377 99.329 104.912
(includes
Golfing and
Tennis)
32 Guided Tours/ 100.000 98.755 100.127 92.550 84.115 92.385
Outfitted
Travel
33 Air and Land 100.000 99.219 103.683 101.370 97.042 101.512
Guided Tours/
Outfitted
Travel
34 Water Guided 100.000 98.197 95.884 82.077 68.807 81.539
Tours/
Outfitted
Travel
(includes
Boating and
Fishing
Charters)
35 Productive 100.000 103.717 116.690 124.253 128.195 132.963
Activities
(includes
Gardening)
36 Other Outdoor 100.000 99.497 103.176 112.794 112.884 116.632
Recreation
Activities \5\
37 Multi-use 100.000 108.246 102.460 108.301 107.576 111.145
Apparel and
Accessories
(Other) \4\
38 Supporting 100.000 99.650 99.130 102.578 103.020 105.675
Outdoor Recreation
39 Construction 100.000 96.194 96.753 101.957 105.495 107.746
40 Local Trips 100.000 100.566 101.692 101.148 97.888 99.957
and Travel \6\
41 Trips and 100.000 99.604 98.688 103.536 104.381 107.135
Travel \7\
42 Food and 100.000 81.967 83.558 86.153 86.305 87.485
Beverages
43 Lodging 100.000 102.626 93.812 101.278 101.036 100.323
44 Shopping and 100.000 102.006 102.918 103.035 103.347 104.806
Souvenirs
45 Transportatio 100.000 104.749 107.941 113.973 116.258 123.212
n
46 Government 100.000 99.359 98.265 98.965 101.989 105.121
Expenditures
47 Federal 100.000 107.628 99.726 97.330 100.910 99.832
Government
48 State and 100.000 97.947 97.981 99.186 102.117 105.947
Local
Government
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Legend/Footnotes:
\1\ Consists of dog mushing, sleighing, snowmobiling, snow shoeing, snow tubing.
\2\ Consists of air sports, driving for pleasure, geocaching/orienteering/rock hounding, ice skating, inline
skating, land/sand sailing, races, running/walking/jogging, skateboarding, and wildlife watching/birding.
\3\ Consists of boardsailing/windsurfing, SCUBA diving, snorkeling, stand-up paddling, surfing, tubing,
wakeboarding, water skiing, and whitewater rafting.
\4\ Consists of backpacks, bug spray, coolers, general outdoor clothing, GPS equipment, hydration equipment,
lighting, sports racks, sunscreen, watches, and other miscellaneous gear and equipment.
\5\ Consists of agritourism, augmented reality games, beachgoing, disc golf, hot springs soaking, kite flying,
model airplane/rocket/UAV, paintball, photography, stargazing/astronomy, swimming, therapeutic programs, water
polo, yard sports.
\6\ Trip expenses less than 50 miles away from home, including food and beverages, lodging, shopping and
souvenirs, and transportation.
\7\ Travel and tourism expenses in the Outdoor Recreation Satellite Account are consistent with the Travel and
Tourism Satellite Account, which includes only expenses for travel at least 50 miles away from home.
Table 6. Percent Changes in Chain-Type Quantity Indexes for Outdoor Recreation Value-Added by Activity
[Percent Change]
Bureau of Economic Analysis
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 Total Outdoor Recreation 0.2 0.5 2.0 0.4 3.9
2 Total Core Outdoor 0.7 1.6 0.6 0.3 5.1
Recreation
3 Conventional Outdoor 1.1 1.2 1.8 0.3 5.0
Recreation
4 Bicycling 7.2 1.5 ^3.4 12.7 0.9
5 Boating/Fishing ^1.6 0.4 2.3 1.5 4.7
6 Canoeing ^4.2 4.3 2.7 2.6 4.3
7 Kayaking ^1.0 ^2.6 3.7 6.3 4.5
8 Fishing (excludes ^4.1 0.3 1.9 ^0.5 ^0.8
Boating)
9 Sailing ^0.3 5.4 0.9 3.6 4.1
10 Other Boating ^1.2 0.1 2.4 1.6 5.7
11 Climbing/Hiking/Tent 2.4 1.2 ^2.3 5.1 ^0.8
Camping
12 Equestrian 2.7 5.5 2.0 5.8 10.8
13 Hunting/Shooting/ 11.9 ^6.4 8.4 ^6.1 13.9
Trapping
14 Hunting/Trapping 8.9 ^7.7 11.5 ^12.5 12.5
15 Shooting (includes 15.3 ^5.0 5.0 1.3 15.3
Archery)
16 Motorcycling/ATVing 0.4 2.5 1.1 ^2.6 0.7
17 Recreational Flying ^4.7 6.7 1.9 3.2 0.9
18 RVing 3.1 0.7 1.3 1.3 9.7
19 Snow Activities ^3.0 6.7 0.1 ^3.2 1.9
20 Skiing ^1.6 8.7 0.9 ^2.5 4.8
21 Snowboarding ^0.2 6.4 0.1 0.9 5.7
22 Other Snow ^5.9 5.3 ^0.4 ^6.5 ^3.2
Activities (includes
Snowmobiling) \1\
23 Other Conventional ^1.3 8.4 1.9 2.0 3.2
Outdoor Recreation
Activities
24 Other Conventional 0.0 8.9 1.4 2.9 4.2
Air and Land
Activities \2\
25 Other Conventional ^6.1 6.7 3.8 ^1.1 ^0.4
Water Activities \3\
26 Multi-use Apparel 0.8 0.0 1.4 ^0.5 3.5
and Accessories
(Conventional) \4\
27 Other Outdoor 0.0 2.2 ^1.3 0.2 5.4
Recreation
28 Amusement Parks/ ^9.3 ^2.1 0.3 1.2 7.5
Water Parks
29 Festivals/Sporting 3.7 6.3 ^9.1 4.5 3.4
Events/Concerts
30 Field Sports ^2.2 5.0 2.8 2.2 1.5
31 Game Areas (includes 1.0 ^1.1 ^2.5 2.0 5.6
Golfing and Tennis)
32 Guided Tours/ ^1.2 1.4 ^7.6 ^9.1 9.8
Outfitted Travel
33 Air and Land Guided ^0.8 4.5 ^2.2 ^4.3 4.6
Tours/Outfitted
Travel
34 Water Guided Tours/ ^1.8 ^2.4 ^14.4 ^16.2 18.5
Outfitted Travel
(includes Boating
and Fishing
Charters)
35 Productive 3.7 12.5 6.5 3.2 3.7
Activities (includes
Gardening)
36 Other Outdoor ^0.5 3.7 9.3 0.1 3.3
Recreation Activities
\5\
37 Multi-use Apparel 8.2 ^5.3 5.7 ^0.7 3.3
and Accessories
(Other) \4\
38 Supporting Outdoor ^0.3 ^0.5 3.5 0.4 2.6
Recreation
39 Construction ^3.8 0.6 5.4 3.5 2.1
40 Local Trips and 0.6 1.1 ^0.5 ^3.2 2.1
Travel \6\
41 Trips and Travel \7\ ^0.4 ^0.9 4.9 0.8 2.6
42 Food and Beverages ^18.0 1.9 3.1 0.2 1.4
43 Lodging 2.6 ^8.6 8.0 ^0.2 ^0.7
44 Shopping and 2.0 0.9 0.1 0.3 1.4
Souvenirs
45 Transportation 4.7 3.0 5.6 2.0 6.0
46 Government ^0.6 ^1.1 0.7 3.1 3.1
Expenditures
47 Federal Government 7.6 ^7.3 ^2.4 3.7 ^1.1
48 State and Local ^2.1 0.0 1.2 3.0 3.8
Government
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Legend/Footnotes:
\1\ Consists of dog mushing, sleighing, snowmobiling, snow shoeing, snow tubing.
\2\ Consists of air sports, driving for pleasure, geocaching/orienteering/rock hounding, ice skating, inline
skating, land/sand sailing, races, running/walking/jogging, skateboarding, and wildlife watching/birding.
\3\ Consists of boardsailing/windsurfing, SCUBA diving, snorkeling, stand-up paddling, surfing, tubing,
wakeboarding, water skiing, and whitewater rafting.
\4\ Consists of backpacks, bug spray, coolers, general outdoor clothing, GPS equipment, hydration equipment,
lighting, sports racks, sunscreen, watches, and other miscellaneous gear and equipment.
\5\ Consists of agritourism, augmented reality games, beachgoing, disc golf, hot springs soaking, kite flying,
model airplane/rocket/UAV, paintball, photography, stargazing/astronomy, swimming, therapeutic programs, water
polo, yard sports.
\6\ Trip expenses less than 50 miles away from home, including food and beverages, lodging, shopping and
souvenirs, and transportation.
\7\ Travel and tourism expenses in the Outdoor Recreation Satellite Account are consistent with the Travel and
Tourism Satellite Account, which includes only expenses for travel at least 50 miles away from home.
Table 7. Chain-Type Price Indexes for Outdoor Recreation Value-Added by Activity
[index numbers, 2012 = 100]
Bureau of Economic Analysis
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 Total Outdoor 100.000 102.250 104.428 108.191 109.728 110.802
Recreation
2 Total Core 100.000 102.327 103.452 106.974 108.608 108.764
Outdoor Recreation
3 Conventional 100.000 102.537 103.769 106.734 107.788 107.556
Outdoor
Recreation
4 Bicycling 100.000 98.587 98.519 100.361 103.751 102.555
5 Boating/ 100.000 103.067 106.216 109.215 111.301 111.496
Fishing
6 Canoeing 100.000 102.473 103.881 107.413 109.999 110.752
7 Kayaking 100.000 103.655 108.939 110.997 114.343 114.140
8 Fishing 100.000 105.840 106.008 107.765 107.662 107.422
(excludes
Boating)
9 Sailing 100.000 100.861 102.663 107.072 110.005 108.681
10 Other Boating 100.000 102.701 106.473 109.608 111.994 112.399
11 Climbing/ 100.000 101.906 103.895 110.791 106.818 106.918
Hiking/Tent
Camping
12 Equestrian 100.000 102.483 108.081 110.969 111.457 114.060
13 Hunting/ 100.000 104.338 105.926 109.072 111.648 111.228
Shooting/
Trapping
14 Hunting/ 100.000 105.436 108.437 112.449 115.747 115.563
Trapping
15 Shooting 100.000 103.135 103.234 105.455 107.342 106.704
(includes
Archery)
16 Motorcycling/ 100.000 101.626 100.924 103.710 107.331 109.185
ATVing
17 Recreational 100.000 109.964 108.679 109.813 105.709 111.321
Flying
18 RVing 100.000 103.459 107.428 111.826 114.277 114.127
19 Snow 100.000 100.184 101.595 105.924 107.796 109.586
Activities
20 Skiing 100.000 99.575 100.416 105.287 108.375 107.171
21 Snowboarding 100.000 99.880 100.844 106.366 109.457 108.137
22 Other Snow 100.000 100.835 102.994 106.081 106.093 112.894
Activities
(includes
Snowmobiling)
\1\
23 Other 100.000 103.164 103.763 106.078 105.310 105.978
Conventional
Outdoor
Recreation
Activities
24 Other 100.000 102.883 103.670 105.717 104.227 105.424
Conventional
Air and Land
Activities \2\
25 Other 100.000 104.229 104.147 107.431 109.281 107.941
Conventional
Water
Activities \3\
26 Multi-use 100.000 102.081 101.591 103.886 104.104 102.279
Apparel and
Accessories
(Conventional)
\4\
27 Other Outdoor 100.000 101.992 102.944 107.365 109.951 110.744
Recreation
28 Amusement 100.000 108.869 115.102 122.665 131.166 137.269
Parks/Water
Parks
29 Festivals/ 100.000 102.550 105.738 114.223 119.168 121.982
Sporting Events/
Concerts
30 Field Sports 100.000 102.954 103.754 106.597 108.604 108.823
31 Game Areas 100.000 99.432 100.065 104.566 106.710 103.589
(includes
Golfing and
Tennis)
32 Guided Tours/ 100.000 101.754 103.938 110.031 114.124 115.748
Outfitted
Travel
33 Air and Land 100.000 101.469 103.228 109.135 112.896 114.634
Guided Tours/
Outfitted
Travel
34 Water Guided 100.000 102.099 104.818 111.156 115.763 117.201
Tours/
Outfitted
Travel
(includes
Boating and
Fishing
Charters)
35 Productive 100.000 100.733 91.679 90.088 89.075 91.175
Activities
(includes
Gardening)
36 Other Outdoor 100.000 101.308 102.477 104.358 103.062 102.086
Recreation
Activities \5\
37 Multi-use 100.000 100.293 99.984 100.134 98.979 99.412
Apparel and
Accessories
(Other) \4\
38 Supporting 100.000 102.171 105.435 109.445 110.884 112.897
Outdoor Recreation
39 Construction 100.000 106.116 113.700 120.989 128.643 135.206
40 Local Trips 100.000 100.785 102.847 106.261 105.555 108.357
and Travel \6\
41 Trips and 100.000 101.848 105.059 109.186 111.117 112.745
Travel \7\
42 Food and 100.000 102.988 105.490 110.735 115.400 118.898
Beverages
43 Lodging 100.000 102.743 106.853 110.693 114.479 117.450
44 Shopping and 100.000 101.093 103.068 106.390 106.922 106.791
Souvenirs
45 Transportatio 100.000 101.029 104.413 108.658 108.932 109.730
n
46 Government 100.000 105.666 110.236 113.596 113.595 115.504
Expenditures
47 Federal 100.000 101.946 104.763 106.737 108.545 111.650
Government
48 State and 100.000 106.347 111.240 114.842 114.531 116.241
Local
Government
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Legend/Footnotes:
\1\ Consists of dog mushing, sleighing, snowmobiling, snow shoeing, snow tubing.
\2\ Consists of air sports, driving for pleasure, geocaching/orienteering/rock hounding, ice skating, inline
skating, land/sand sailing, races, running/walking/jogging, skateboarding, and wildlife watching/birding.
\3\ Consists of boardsailing/windsurfing, SCUBA diving, snorkeling, stand-up paddling, surfing, tubing,
wakeboarding, water skiing, and whitewater rafting.
\4\ Consists of backpacks, bug spray, coolers, general outdoor clothing, GPS equipment, hydration equipment,
lighting, sports racks, sunscreen, watches, and other miscellaneous gear and equipment.
\5\ Consists of agritourism, augmented reality games, beachgoing, disc golf, hot springs soaking, kite flying,
model airplane/rocket/UAV, paintball, photography, stargazing/astronomy, swimming, therapeutic programs, water
polo, yard sports.
\6\ Trip expenses less than 50 miles away from home, including food and beverages, lodging, shopping and
souvenirs, and transportation.
\7\ Travel and tourism expenses in the Outdoor Recreation Satellite Account are consistent with the Travel and
Tourism Satellite Account, which includes only expenses for travel at least 50 miles away from home.
Table 8. Percent Changes in Chain-Type Price Indexes for Outdoor Recreation Value-Added by Activity
[Percent Change]
Bureau of Economic Analysis
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 Total Outdoor Recreation 2.2 2.1 3.6 1.4 1.0
2 Total Core Outdoor 2.3 1.1 3.4 1.5 0.1
Recreation
3 Conventional Outdoor 2.5 1.2 2.9 1.0 ^0.2
Recreation
4 Bicycling ^1.4 ^0.1 1.9 3.4 ^1.2
5 Boating/Fishing 3.1 3.1 2.8 1.9 0.2
6 Canoeing 2.5 1.4 3.4 2.4 0.7
7 Kayaking 3.7 5.1 1.9 3.0 ^0.2
8 Fishing (excludes 5.8 0.2 1.7 ^0.1 ^0.2
Boating)
9 Sailing 0.9 1.8 4.3 2.7 ^1.2
10 Other Boating 2.7 3.7 2.9 2.2 0.4
11 Climbing/Hiking/Tent 1.9 2.0 6.6 ^3.6 0.1
Camping
12 Equestrian 2.5 5.5 2.7 0.4 2.3
13 Hunting/Shooting/ 4.3 1.5 3.0 2.4 ^0.4
Trapping
14 Hunting/Trapping 5.4 2.8 3.7 2.9 ^0.2
15 Shooting (includes 3.1 0.1 2.2 1.8 ^0.6
Archery)
16 Motorcycling/ATVing 1.6 ^0.7 2.8 3.5 1.7
17 Recreational Flying 10.0 ^1.2 1.0 ^3.7 5.3
18 RVing 3.5 3.8 4.1 2.2 ^0.1
19 Snow Activities 0.2 1.4 4.3 1.8 1.7
20 Skiing ^0.4 0.8 4.9 2.9 ^1.1
21 Snowboarding ^0.1 1.0 5.5 2.9 ^1.2
22 Other Snow 0.8 2.1 3.0 0.0 6.4
Activities (includes
Snowmobiling) \1\
23 Other Conventional 3.2 0.6 2.2 ^0.7 0.6
Outdoor Recreation
Activities
24 Other Conventional 2.9 0.8 2.0 ^1.4 1.1
Air and Land
Activities \2\
25 Other Conventional 4.2 ^0.1 3.2 1.7 ^1.2
Water Activities \3\
26 Multi-use Apparel 2.1 ^0.5 2.3 0.2 ^1.8
and Accessories
(Conventional) \4\
27 Other Outdoor 2.0 0.9 4.3 2.4 0.7
Recreation
28 Amusement Parks/ 8.9 5.7 6.6 6.9 4.7
Water Parks
29 Festivals/Sporting 2.6 3.1 8.0 4.3 2.4
Events/Concerts
30 Field Sports 3.0 0.8 2.7 1.9 0.2
31 Game Areas (includes ^0.6 0.6 4.5 2.1 ^2.9
Golfing and Tennis)
32 Guided Tours/ 1.8 2.1 5.9 3.7 1.4
Outfitted Travel
33 Air and Land Guided 1.5 1.7 5.7 3.4 1.5
Tours/Outfitted
Travel
34 Water Guided Tours/ 2.1 2.7 6.0 4.1 1.2
Outfitted Travel
(includes Boating and
Fishing Charters)
35 Productive 0.7 ^9.0 ^1.7 ^1.1 2.4
Activities (includes
Gardening)
36 Other Outdoor 1.3 1.2 1.8 ^1.2 ^0.9
Recreation Activities
\5\
37 Multi-use Apparel 0.3 ^0.3 0.2 ^1.2 0.4
and Accessories
(Other) \4\
38 Supporting Outdoor 2.2 3.2 3.8 1.3 1.8
Recreation
39 Construction 6.1 7.1 6.4 6.3 5.1
40 Local Trips and 0.8 2.0 3.3 ^0.7 2.7
Travel \6\
41 Trips and Travel \7\ 1.8 3.2 3.9 1.8 1.5
42 Food and Beverages 3.0 2.4 5.0 4.2 3.0
43 Lodging 2.7 4.0 3.6 3.4 2.6
44 Shopping and 1.1 2.0 3.2 0.5 ^0.1
Souvenirs
45 Transportation 1.0 3.4 4.1 0.3 0.7
46 Government 5.7 4.3 3.0 0.0 1.7
Expenditures
47 Federal Government 1.9 2.8 1.9 1.7 2.9
48 State and Local 6.3 4.6 3.2 ^0.3 1.5
Government
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Legend/Footnotes:
\1\ Consists of dog mushing, sleighing, snowmobiling, snow shoeing, snow tubing.
\2\ Consists of air sports, driving for pleasure, geocaching/orienteering/rock hounding, ice skating, inline
skating, land/sand sailing, races, running/walking/jogging, skateboarding, and wildlife watching/birding.
\3\ Consists of boardsailing/windsurfing, SCUBA diving, snorkeling, stand-up paddling, surfing, tubing,
wakeboarding, water skiing, and whitewater rafting.
\4\ Consists of backpacks, bug spray, coolers, general outdoor clothing, GPS equipment, hydration equipment,
lighting, sports racks, sunscreen, watches, and other miscellaneous gear and equipment.
\5\ Consists of agritourism, augmented reality games, beachgoing, disc golf, hot springs soaking, kite flying,
model airplane/rocket/UAV, paintball, photography, stargazing/astronomy, swimming, therapeutic programs, water
polo, yard sports.
\6\ Trip expenses less than 50 miles away from home, including food and beverages, lodging, shopping and
souvenirs, and transportation.
\7\ Travel and tourism expenses in the Outdoor Recreation Satellite Account are consistent with the Travel and
Tourism Satellite Account, which includes only expenses for travel at least 50 miles away from home.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Editor's note: this table of information was excluded from the pdf
submitted, and posted on the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis website.
It is incoporated herein, in [brackets] and is available in the xlsx
file entitled, Tables--Value-Added by Activity (https://www.bea.gov/
system/files/2019-09/orsa0919-VA-Activity_1.xlsx)
[Activity List *
[Outdoor Recreation Activities in Conventional Definition
[Bicycling (All recreational bicycling, including BMX, E-bikes,
Mountain, On-road)
[Boating/Fishing (All recreational boating, including Canoeing, Fishing,
Inboard/Outboard, Kayaking, Personal watercraft, Sailing)
[Climbing/Hiking/Tent Camping
[Equestrian
[Hunting/Trapping/Shooting (including Archery)
[Motorcycling/ATVs (Off-road, On-road)
[Recreational flying (Experimental, Glider, Turboprop, Ultralight)
[RVing
[Snow activities (Dog mushing, Skiing, Sleighing, Snowboarding,
Snowmobiling, Snow shoeing, Tubing)
[Other Conventional Activities
[Other Conventional Air and Land activities
[Air sports (Base jumping, Hang gliding, Skydiving)
[Driving for pleasure (Gas spending only)
[Geocaching/Orienteering/Rock hounding
[Ice skating
[Inline skating
[Land/Sand sailing
[Races (includes Bike and Endurance racing)
[Running/Jogging/Walking
[Skateboarding
[Wildlife watching/Birding
[Other Conventional Water activities
[Boardsailing/Windsurfing
[SCUBA Diving
[Snorkeling
[Stand-up paddling
[Surfing
[Tubing/Wakeboarding
[Water skiing
[Whitewater rafting
[Outdoor Recreation Activities in Other Definition
[Amusement parks/Water parks
[Festivals/Sporting events/Concerts (includes Professional sports)
[Field sports (e.g., Football, Lacrosse, Soccer)
[Game area sports (e.g., Basketball, Golf, Tennis)
[Guided tours/Outfitted travel (includes Boating and Fishing charters)
[Productive activities (Beekeeping, Foraging, Gardening, Panning for
ore)
[Other Activities
[Agritourism (Animal sanctuaries, Petting zoos, Pick-your-own produce
farms, Vineyard tours)
[Augmented reality games
[Beachgoing
[Disc golf
[Hot springs soaking
[Kite flying
[Model airplane/rocket/UAV
[Paintball
[Photography
[Stargazing/Astronomy
[Swimming
[Therapeutic Programs
[Water Polo
[Yard sports (e.g., Bocce ball, Croquet)]
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Table 9. Real Outdoor Recreation Value-Added by Industry
[Millions of chained (2012) dollars]
Bureau of Economic Analysis
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 All Industries 360,509 361,153 363,128 370,446 371,789 386,107
2 Private 339,779 340,215 342,222 349,558 350,389 363,963
industries
3 Agriculture, 6,782 7,519 8,025 8,485 7,962 8,040
forestry,
fishing, and
hunting
4 Farms 4,791 5,455 6,145 6,407 6,586 6,536
5 Forestry, 1,991 2,066 1,918 2,097 1,563 1,655
fishing, and
related
activities
6 Mining 340 313 284 264 249 321
7 Oil and gas 105 107 104 133 133 96
extraction
8 Mining, except 183 159 125 93 87 199
oil and gas
9 Support 51 46 50 33 28 31
activities for
mining
10 Utilities 1 1 1 1 1 1
11 Construction 5,274 4,902 4,925 5,110 5,298 5,410
12 Manufacturing 48,726 50,739 50,611 49,377 47,541 51,812
13 Durable goods 18,433 18,940 18,414 18,039 17,603 20,012
14 Wood products 3 3 3 3 3 3
15 Nonmetallic 47 50 51 50 51 51
mineral
products
16 Primary 5 4 5 4 4 4
metals
17 Fabricated 1,728 1,861 1,647 1,813 1,855 2,434
metal products
18 Machinery 1,942 1,939 1,725 1,435 1,010 1,419
19 Computer and 551 568 683 1,202 909 1,088
electronic
products
20 Electrical 643 612 582 596 459 472
equipment,
appliances,
and components
21 Motor 3,436 3,693 3,616 3,333 3,338 4,184
vehicles,
bodies and
trailers, and
parts
22 Other 6,699 7,123 7,158 6,888 6,941 6,954
transportation
equipment
23 Furniture and 55 55 53 47 41 40
related
products
24 Miscellaneous 3,325 3,023 2,907 2,757 3,002 3,320
manufacturing
25 Nondurable 30,293 31,808 32,261 31,391 29,925 31,534
goods
26 Food and 6,440 6,583 6,516 6,241 6,187 6,071
beverage and
tobacco
products
27 Textile mills 482 405 437 452 468 464
and textile
product mills
28 Apparel and 2,653 2,574 2,524 2,491 2,817 2,965
leather and
allied
products
29 Paper 300 306 334 315 302 283
products
30 Printing and 112 110 115 116 115 102
related
support
activities
31 Petroleum and 16,578 17,910 18,499 18,237 15,888 18,053
coal products
32 Chemical 3,490 3,713 3,694 3,457 3,506 3,501
products
33 Plastics and 240 239 230 235 241 252
rubber
products
34 Wholesale trade 32,193 28,419 29,897 31,085 30,137 29,952
35 Retail trade 84,301 88,246 86,834 87,613 87,987 92,151
36 Motor vehicle 8,170 8,230 7,840 8,879 9,833 11,468
and parts
dealers
37 Food and 6,002 5,943 5,790 5,631 5,450 5,598
beverage stores
38 General 15,056 16,204 16,162 16,699 16,299 16,445
merchandise
stores
39 Other retail 55,074 57,885 57,086 56,465 56,440 58,673
40 Transportation 33,036 34,962 36,346 38,494 39,700 41,681
and warehousing
41 Air 21,998 23,069 24,678 27,736 30,141 31,803
transportation
42 Rail 580 562 560 567 566 600
transportation
43 Water 2,733 3,704 3,639 2,975 2,116 2,382
transportation
44 Truck 3,808 3,693 3,603 3,370 3,253 3,240
transportation
45 Transit and 2,235 2,169 2,104 2,026 1,942 2,017
ground
passenger
transportation
46 Pipeline 354 362 348 455 486 486
transportation
47 Other 1,291 1,381 1,386 1,293 1,259 1,201
transportation
and support
activities
48 Warehousing 36 37 35 36 38 36
and storage
49 Information 1,297 1,340 1,343 1,450 1,546 1,685
50 Publishing 529 481 462 460 460 481
industries,
except internet
(includes
software)
51 Motion picture 47 42 42 47 52 53
and sound
recording
industries
52 Broadcasting 601 683 693 750 803 869
and
telecommunicati
ons
53 Data 120 135 149 195 235 290
processing,
internet
publishing, and
other
information
services
54 Finance, 22,226 21,498 18,905 21,076 21,947 21,717
insurance, real
estate, rental,
and leasing
55 Finance and 3,805 3,325 4,005 4,357 4,196 3,775
insurance
56 Federal 408 376 384 423 414 406
Reserve banks,
credit
intermediation
, and related
activities
57 Securities, 0 0 0 0 0 0
commodity
contracts, and
investments
58 Insurance 3,396 2,949 3,622 3,936 3,783 3,371
carriers and
related
activities
59 Funds, 0 0 0 0 0 0
trusts, and
other
financial
vehicles
60 Real estate 18,421 18,173 14,910 16,728 17,768 17,984
and rental and
leasing
61 Real estate 15,460 15,195 12,047 12,965 13,192 13,027
62 Housing 15,455 15,191 12,043 12,960 13,187 13,022
63 Other real 5 5 5 5 5 5
estate
64 Rental and 2,961 2,977 2,859 3,787 4,720 5,208
leasing
services and
lessors of
intangible
assets
65 Professional 6,078 5,806 5,967 6,203 6,256 6,906
and business
services
66 Professional, 1,246 1,220 1,338 1,434 1,489 1,586
scientific, and
technical
services
67 Legal 0 0 0 0 0 0
services
68 Computer 62 50 49 60 61 67
systems design
and related
services
69 Miscellaneous 1,184 1,170 1,290 1,375 1,428 1,519
professional,
scientific,
and technical
services
70 Management of 0 0 0 0 0 0
companies and
enterprises
71 Administrative 4,832 4,586 4,628 4,766 4,764 5,318
and waste
management
services
72 Administrativ 4,831 4,585 4,627 4,765 4,763 5,317
e and support
services
73 Waste 1 1 1 1 1 1
management and
remediation
services
74 Educational 3,061 2,931 3,055 3,007 3,039 3,009
services, health
care, and social
assistance
75 Educational 2,554 2,464 2,568 2,498 2,510 2,470
services
76 Health care 507 467 487 511 533 545
and social
assistance
77 Ambulatory 296 276 292 309 327 335
health care
services
78 Hospitals 161 143 146 152 158 161
79 Nursing and 22 19 19 19 20 20
residential
care
facilities
80 Social 28 29 30 31 29 30
assistance
81 Arts, 91,833 89,264 91,506 92,641 93,637 96,546
entertainment,
recreation,
accommodation,
and food
services
82 Arts, 41,793 41,465 43,034 41,527 42,897 45,712
entertainment,
and recreation
83 Performing 10,481 10,792 11,495 10,586 11,082 11,505
arts,
spectator
sports,
museums, and
related
activities
84 Amusements, 31,312 30,672 31,534 30,949 31,817 34,226
gambling, and
recreation
industries
85 Accommodation 50,041 47,801 48,483 51,105 50,729 50,837
and food
services
86 Accommodation 27,868 29,079 29,265 31,299 30,931 30,746
87 Food services 22,173 18,725 19,221 19,805 19,798 20,088
and drinking
places
88 Other services, 4,631 4,551 4,640 4,687 4,736 4,770
except
government
89 Government 20,730 20,936 20,910 20,917 21,404 22,152
90 Federal 3,093 3,412 3,198 3,133 3,225 3,197
91 General 2,768 2,975 2,759 2,692 2,796 2,766
government
92 National 0 1 1 0 1 1
defense
93 Non-defense 2,768 2,974 2,759 2,691 2,796 2,766
94 Government 325 440 445 450 430 434
enterprises
95 State and local 17,637 17,531 17,706 17,772 18,169 18,931
96 General 18,134 17,538 17,581 17,785 18,271 18,972
government
97 Government ^497 53 170 80 66 80
enterprises
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Table 10. Outdoor Recreation Value-Added by Industry
[Millions of current dollars]
Bureau of Economic Analysis
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 All Industries 360,509 369,280 378,654 400,205 407,362 427,189
2 Private 339,779 347,211 355,672 376,142 382,564 401,264
industries
3 Agriculture, 6,782 7,718 7,621 7,851 7,181 7,428
forestry,
fishing, and
hunting
4 Farms 4,791 5,528 5,487 5,422 5,286 5,414
5 Forestry, 1,991 2,189 2,133 2,429 1,895 2,014
fishing, and
related
activities
6 Mining 340 312 284 205 182 271
7 Oil and gas 105 117 128 92 81 91
extraction
8 Mining, except 183 143 102 73 65 139
oil and gas
9 Support 51 52 54 41 36 40
activities for
mining
10 Utilities 1 1 1 1 1 1
11 Construction 5,274 5,192 5,593 6,193 6,838 7,338
12 Manufacturing 48,726 50,409 50,590 50,494 46,638 51,667
13 Durable goods 18,433 19,866 19,734 20,438 20,478 23,064
14 Wood products 3 3 3 3 3 4
15 Nonmetallic 47 50 51 53 55 56
mineral
products
16 Primary 5 4 5 5 5 4
metals
17 Fabricated 1,728 2,118 1,896 2,137 2,186 2,860
metal products
18 Machinery 1,942 2,002 1,861 1,629 1,120 1,554
19 Computer and 551 551 663 1,094 732 864
electronic
products
20 Electrical 643 622 598 633 493 496
equipment,
appliances,
and components
21 Motor 3,436 3,975 4,088 4,176 4,517 5,853
vehicles,
bodies and
trailers, and
parts
22 Other 6,699 7,381 7,501 7,659 8,084 8,119
transportation
equipment
23 Furniture and 55 59 58 57 54 51
related
products
24 Miscellaneous 3,325 3,101 3,010 2,993 3,228 3,204
manufacturing
25 Nondurable 30,293 30,543 30,856 30,056 26,160 28,604
goods
26 Food and 6,440 6,720 7,057 7,511 7,645 7,339
beverage and
tobacco
products
27 Textile mills 482 439 484 512 541 532
and textile
product mills
28 Apparel and 2,653 2,674 2,605 2,616 3,022 3,267
leather and
allied
products
29 Paper 300 300 317 307 304 272
products
30 Printing and 112 110 117 124 125 112
related
support
activities
31 Petroleum and 16,578 16,258 16,130 14,760 10,089 12,640
coal products
32 Chemical 3,490 3,803 3,915 3,973 4,168 4,171
products
33 Plastics and 240 239 231 253 267 270
rubber
products
34 Wholesale trade 32,193 31,794 33,303 35,298 34,612 34,774
35 Retail trade 84,301 87,648 87,539 91,022 92,373 95,661
36 Motor vehicle 8,170 8,453 8,483 9,441 10,260 11,309
and parts
dealers
37 Food and 6,002 6,092 6,197 6,486 6,591 6,800
beverage
stores
38 General 15,056 15,640 15,159 15,452 15,337 15,543
merchandise
stores
39 Other retail 55,074 57,464 57,700 59,644 60,186 62,008
40 Transportation 33,036 35,587 38,432 42,981 45,538 47,932
and warehousing
41 Air 21,998 23,448 26,385 30,828 33,607 35,680
transportation
42 Rail 580 590 603 639 641 688
transportation
43 Water 2,733 3,670 3,524 3,412 3,142 3,336
transportation
44 Truck 3,808 3,809 3,864 3,830 3,741 3,766
transportation
45 Transit and 2,235 2,246 2,182 2,215 2,225 2,314
ground
passenger
transportation
46 Pipeline 354 383 401 563 620 622
transportation
47 Other 1,291 1,404 1,438 1,459 1,524 1,490
transportation
and support
activities
48 Warehousing 36 37 36 36 38 36
and storage
49 Information 1,297 1,368 1,382 1,493 1,580 1,711
50 Publishing 529 493 481 486 496 527
industries,
except
internet
(includes
software)
51 Motion 47 50 53 59 60 66
picture and
sound
recording
industries
52 Broadcasting 601 687 697 751 789 826
and
telecommunicat
ions
53 Data 120 137 151 198 236 291
processing,
internet
publishing,
and other
information
services
54 Finance, 22,226 22,085 20,070 22,647 24,002 24,600
insurance, real
estate, rental,
and leasing
55 Finance and 3,805 3,415 4,184 4,662 4,757 4,595
insurance
56 Federal 408 394 410 459 467 468
Reserve
banks, credit
intermediatio
n, and
related
activities
57 Securities, 0 0 0 0 0 0
commodity
contracts,
and
investments
58 Insurance 3,396 3,020 3,774 4,202 4,289 4,127
carriers and
related
activities
59 Funds, 0 0 0 0 0 0
trusts, and
other
financial
vehicles
60 Real estate 18,421 18,670 15,886 17,985 19,245 20,005
and rental and
leasing
61 Real estate 15,460 15,625 12,785 14,263 15,066 15,453
62 Housing 15,455 15,620 12,780 14,258 15,061 15,447
63 Other real 5 5 5 5 5 5
estate
64 Rental and 2,961 3,045 3,101 3,722 4,179 4,552
leasing
services and
lessors of
intangible
assets
65 Professional 6,078 5,898 6,133 6,595 6,859 7,786
and business
services
66 Professional, 1,246 1,249 1,396 1,547 1,658 1,805
scientific,
and technical
services
67 Legal 0 0 0 0 0 0
services
68 Computer 62 53 54 65 63 71
systems
design and
related
services
69 Miscellaneou 1,184 1,195 1,342 1,482 1,594 1,733
s
professional,
scientific,
and technical
services
70 Management of 0 0 0 0 0 0
companies and
enterprises
71 Administrativ 4,832 4,649 4,737 5,048 5,201 5,981
e and waste
management
services
72 Administrati 4,831 4,648 4,736 5,047 5,200 5,980
ve and
support
services
73 Waste 1 1 1 1 1 1
management
and
remediation
services
74 Educational 3,061 3,058 3,267 3,328 3,482 3,610
services,
health care,
and social
assistance
75 Educational 2,554 2,583 2,772 2,806 2,936 3,047
services
76 Health care 507 475 495 522 546 562
and social
assistance
77 Ambulatory 296 282 296 309 323 329
health care
services
78 Hospitals 161 146 152 163 172 180
79 Nursing and 22 20 20 21 22 22
residential
care
facilities
80 Social 28 27 28 29 29 30
assistance
81 Arts, 91,833 91,434 96,529 102,891 107,934 112,870
entertainment,
recreation,
accommodation,
and food
services
82 Arts, 41,793 42,291 44,954 46,169 49,500 52,880
entertainment,
and recreation
83 Performing 10,481 11,062 12,145 12,070 13,181 14,006
arts,
spectator
sports,
museums, and
related
activities
84 Amusements, 31,312 31,229 32,809 34,099 36,319 38,874
gambling, and
recreation
industries
85 Accommodation 50,041 49,143 51,575 56,722 58,434 59,990
and food
services
86 Accommodatio 27,868 29,865 31,308 34,779 35,538 36,072
n
87 Food 22,173 19,278 20,268 21,943 22,896 23,918
services and
drinking
places
88 Other 4,631 4,708 4,927 5,142 5,344 5,615
services,
except
government
89 Government 20,730 22,069 22,982 24,063 24,799 25,926
90 Federal 3,093 3,456 3,293 3,248 3,400 3,471
91 General 2,768 3,033 2,891 2,872 3,034 3,087
government
92 National 0 1 1 0 1 1
defense
93 Non-defense 2,768 3,032 2,890 2,872 3,034 3,087
94 Government 325 423 402 376 366 383
enterprises
95 State and local 17,637 18,613 19,689 20,815 21,398 22,455
96 General 18,134 18,569 19,448 20,359 20,890 21,948
government
97 Government ^497 44 241 456 508 508
enterprises
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Table 11. Outdoor Recreation Value-Added by Industry as a Percentage of Gross Domestic Product
[Percent]
Bureau of Economic Analysis
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 All Industries 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2
2 Private 2.1 2.1 2.0 2.1 2.0 2.1
industries
3 Agriculture, 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
forestry,
fishing, and
hunting
4 Mining 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
5 Utilities 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
6 Construction 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
7 Manufacturing 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3
8 Durable goods 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
9 Nondurable 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1
goods
10 Wholesale trade 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2
11 Retail trade 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
12 Transportation 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2
and warehousing
13 Information 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
14 Finance, 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
insurance, real
estate, rental,
and leasing
15 Finance and 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
insurance
16 Real estate 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
and rental and
leasing
17 Professional 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
and business
services
18 Professional, 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
scientific, and
technical
services
19 Management of 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
companies and
enterprises
20 Administrative 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
and waste
management
services
21 Educational 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
services, health
care, and social
assistance
22 Educational 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
services
23 Health care 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
and social
assistance
24 Arts, 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6
entertainment,
recreation,
accommodation,
and food
services
25 Arts, 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3
entertainment,
and recreation
26 Accommodation 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3
and food
services
27 Other services, 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
except
government
28 Government 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
29 Federal 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
30 State and local 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Table 12. Outdoor Recreation Value-Added by Industry as a Percentage of Total Outdoor Recreation Value-Added
[Percent]
Bureau of Economic Analysis
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 All Industries 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
2 Private 94.2 94.0 93.9 94.0 93.9 93.9
industries
3 Agriculture, 1.9 2.1 2.0 2.0 1.8 1.7
forestry,
fishing, and
hunting
4 Farms 1.3 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.3
5 Forestry, 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5
fishing, and
related
activities
6 Mining 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1
7 Oil and gas 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
extraction
8 Mining, except 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
oil and gas
9 Support 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
activities for
mining
10 Utilities 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
11 Construction 1.5 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.7 1.7
12 Manufacturing 13.5 13.7 13.4 12.6 11.4 12.1
13 Durable goods 5.1 5.4 5.2 5.1 5.0 5.4
14 Wood products 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
15 Nonmetallic 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
mineral
products
16 Primary 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
metals
17 Fabricated 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.7
metal products
18 Machinery 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.4
19 Computer and 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2
electronic
products
20 Electrical 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1
equipment,
appliances,
and components
21 Motor 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.4
vehicles,
bodies and
trailers, and
parts
22 Other 1.9 2.0 2.0 1.9 2.0 1.9
transportation
equipment
23 Furniture and 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
related
products
24 Miscellaneous 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.8
manufacturing
25 Nondurable 8.4 8.3 8.1 7.5 6.4 6.7
goods
26 Food and 1.8 1.8 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.7
beverage and
tobacco
products
27 Textile mills 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
and textile
product mills
28 Apparel and 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.8
leather and
allied
products
29 Paper 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
products
30 Printing and 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
related
support
activities
31 Petroleum and 4.6 4.4 4.3 3.7 2.5 3.0
coal products
32 Chemical 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
products
33 Plastics and 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
rubber
products
34 Wholesale trade 8.9 8.6 8.8 8.8 8.5 8.1
35 Retail trade 23.4 23.7 23.1 22.7 22.7 22.4
36 Motor vehicle 2.3 2.3 2.2 2.4 2.5 2.6
and parts
dealers
37 Food and 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6
beverage stores
38 General 4.2 4.2 4.0 3.9 3.8 3.6
merchandise
stores
39 Other retail 15.3 15.6 15.2 14.9 14.8 14.5
40 Transportation 9.2 9.6 10.1 10.7 11.2 11.2
and warehousing
41 Air 6.1 6.3 7.0 7.7 8.2 8.4
transportation
42 Rail 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2
transportation
43 Water 0.8 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.8
transportation
44 Truck 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.9
transportation
45 Transit and 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5
ground
passenger
transportation
46 Pipeline 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1
transportation
47 Other 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3
transportation
and support
activities
48 Warehousing 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
and storage
49 Information 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4
50 Publishing 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
industries,
except internet
(includes
software)
51 Motion picture 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
and sound
recording
industries
52 Broadcasting 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2
and
telecommunicati
ons
53 Data 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1
processing,
internet
publishing, and
other
information
services
54 Finance, 6.2 6.0 5.3 5.7 5.9 5.8
insurance, real
estate, rental,
and leasing
55 Finance and 1.1 0.9 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.1
insurance
56 Federal 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
Reserve banks,
credit
intermediation
, and related
activities
57 Securities, 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
commodity
contracts, and
investments
58 Insurance 0.9 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.0
carriers and
related
activities
59 Funds, 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
trusts, and
other
financial
vehicles
60 Real estate 5.1 5.1 4.2 4.5 4.7 4.7
and rental and
leasing
61 Real estate 4.3 4.2 3.4 3.6 3.7 3.6
62 Housing 4.3 4.2 3.4 3.6 3.7 3.6
63 Other real 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
estate
64 Rental and 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1
leasing
services and
lessors of
intangible
assets
65 Professional 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.8
and business
services
66 Professional, 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4
scientific,
and technical
services
67 Legal 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
services
68 Computer 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
systems
design and
related
services
69 Miscellaneou 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4
s
professional,
scientific,
and technical
services
70 Management of 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
companies and
enterprises
71 Administrativ 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.4
e and waste
management
services
72 Administrati 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.4
ve and
support
services
73 Waste 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
management
and
remediation
services
74 Educational 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.8
services,
health care,
and social
assistance
75 Educational 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7
services
76 Health care 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
and social
assistance
77 Ambulatory 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
health care
services
78 Hospitals 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
79 Nursing and 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
residential
care
facilities
80 Social 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
assistance
81 Arts, 25.5 24.8 25.5 25.7 26.5 26.4
entertainment,
recreation,
accommodation,
and food
services
82 Arts, 11.6 11.5 11.9 11.5 12.2 12.4
entertainment,
and recreation
83 Performing 2.9 3.0 3.2 3.0 3.2 3.3
arts,
spectator
sports,
museums, and
related
activities
84 Amusements, 8.7 8.5 8.7 8.5 8.9 9.1
gambling, and
recreation
industries
85 Accommodation 13.9 13.3 13.6 14.2 14.3 14.0
and food
services
86 Accommodatio 7.7 8.1 8.3 8.7 8.7 8.4
n
87 Food 6.2 5.2 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.6
services and
drinking
places
88 Other 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3
services,
except
government
89 Government 5.8 6.0 6.1 6.0 6.1 6.1
90 Federal 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.8
91 General 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.7
government
92 National 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
defense
93 Non-defense 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.7
94 Government 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
enterprises
95 State and local 4.9 5.0 5.2 5.2 5.3 5.3
96 General 5.0 5.0 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1
government
97 Government ^0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
enterprises
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Table 13. Chain-Type Quantity Indexes for Outdoor Recreation Value-Added by Industry
[index numbers, 2012 = 100]
Bureau of Economic Analysis
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 All Industries 100.000 100.179 100.726 102.756 103.129 107.100
2 Private 100.000 100.128 100.719 102.878 103.123 107.118
industries
3 Agriculture, 100.000 110.855 118.316 125.097 117.392 118.538
forestry,
fishing, and
hunting
4 Farms 100.000 113.866 128.267 133.734 137.464 136.429
5 Forestry, 100.000 103.727 96.336 105.325 78.471 83.091
fishing, and
related
activities
6 Mining 100.000 91.995 83.533 77.753 73.402 94.548
7 Oil and gas 100.000 101.665 98.613 126.151 126.547 91.355
extraction
8 Mining, except 100.000 86.508 68.233 50.942 47.643 108.457
oil and gas
9 Support 100.000 90.057 96.816 64.890 54.216 60.290
activities for
mining
10 Utilities 100.000 97.457 80.986 83.511 88.696 84.879
11 Construction 100.000 92.945 93.393 96.893 100.455 102.573
12 Manufacturing 100.000 104.130 103.868 101.335 97.566 106.332
13 Durable goods 100.000 102.747 99.896 97.861 95.496 108.564
14 Wood products 100.000 106.507 113.158 112.935 114.960 122.015
15 Nonmetallic 100.000 106.820 107.633 106.012 107.868 108.734
mineral
products
16 Primary 100.000 73.981 88.934 71.047 74.985 74.946
metals
17 Fabricated 100.000 107.675 95.343 104.918 107.343 140.856
metal products
18 Machinery 100.000 99.866 88.837 73.929 52.016 73.062
19 Computer and 100.000 103.102 123.994 218.194 164.995 197.573
electronic
products
20 Electrical 100.000 95.108 90.499 92.723 71.418 73.328
equipment,
appliances,
and components
21 Motor 100.000 107.486 105.231 97.005 97.156 121.759
vehicles,
bodies and
trailers, and
parts
22 Other 100.000 106.328 106.846 102.823 103.611 103.809
transportation
equipment
23 Furniture and 100.000 100.448 97.506 86.207 74.622 73.604
related
products
24 Miscellaneous 100.000 90.903 87.424 82.910 90.285 99.837
manufacturing
25 Nondurable 100.000 105.001 106.496 103.625 98.784 104.096
goods
26 Food and 100.000 102.232 101.193 96.908 96.083 94.280
beverage and
tobacco
products
27 Textile mills 100.000 84.095 90.700 93.821 97.045 96.200
and textile
product mills
28 Apparel and 100.000 97.042 95.153 93.909 106.212 111.797
leather and
allied
products
29 Paper 100.000 102.086 111.241 105.164 100.797 94.290
products
30 Printing and 100.000 98.498 102.687 103.480 102.699 91.515
related
support
activities
31 Petroleum and 100.000 108.037 111.592 110.009 95.838 108.901
coal products
32 Chemical 100.000 106.402 105.861 99.054 100.459 100.314
products
33 Plastics and 100.000 99.664 95.828 97.955 100.563 105.202
rubber
products
34 Wholesale trade 100.000 88.279 92.870 96.560 93.614 93.040
35 Retail trade 100.000 104.679 103.004 103.928 104.372 109.312
36 Motor vehicle 100.000 100.733 95.965 108.679 120.360 140.366
and parts
dealers
37 Food and 100.000 99.022 96.480 93.832 90.804 93.276
beverage stores
38 General 100.000 107.626 107.350 110.913 108.258 109.229
merchandise
stores
39 Other retail 100.000 105.103 103.652 102.525 102.479 106.534
40 Transportation 100.000 105.831 110.018 116.520 120.172 126.169
and warehousing
41 Air 100.000 104.873 112.184 126.085 137.020 144.578
transportation
42 Rail 100.000 96.854 96.460 97.719 97.579 103.427
transportation
43 Water 100.000 135.553 133.147 108.882 77.419 87.160
transportation
44 Truck 100.000 96.990 94.603 88.506 85.420 85.086
transportation
45 Transit and 100.000 97.039 94.140 90.637 86.904 90.218
ground
passenger
transportation
46 Pipeline 100.000 102.229 98.152 128.498 137.238 137.187
transportation
47 Other 100.000 106.952 107.323 100.148 97.513 92.969
transportation
and support
activities
48 Warehousing 100.000 100.921 97.106 98.480 103.744 98.199
and storage
49 Information 100.000 103.315 103.609 111.819 119.212 129.931
50 Publishing 100.000 90.894 87.288 86.974 87.025 90.858
industries,
except internet
(includes
software)
51 Motion picture 100.000 89.537 89.267 99.471 110.279 111.517
and sound
recording
industries
52 Broadcasting 100.000 113.754 115.339 124.942 133.682 144.636
and
telecommunicati
ons
53 Data 100.000 112.204 123.880 162.878 195.915 241.861
processing,
internet
publishing, and
other
information
services
54 Finance, 100.000 96.727 85.061 94.827 98.749 97.710
insurance, real
estate, rental,
and leasing
55 Finance and 100.000 87.404 105.271 114.532 110.294 99.228
insurance
56 Federal 100.000 91.993 94.114 103.453 101.384 99.401
Reserve banks,
credit
intermediation
, and related
activities
57 Securities, 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
commodity
contracts, and
investments
58 Insurance 100.000 86.846 106.653 115.906 111.404 99.270
carriers and
related
activities
59 Funds, 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
trusts, and
other
financial
vehicles
60 Real estate 100.000 98.651 80.940 90.809 96.454 97.625
and rental and
leasing
61 Real estate 100.000 98.288 77.925 83.863 85.329 84.259
62 Housing 100.000 98.291 77.922 83.861 85.328 84.258
63 Other real 100.000 88.142 88.794 89.007 89.119 86.836
estate
64 Rental and 100.000 100.555 96.571 127.886 159.409 175.899
leasing
services and
lessors of
intangible
assets
65 Professional 100.000 95.520 98.181 102.052 102.932 113.631
and business
services
66 Professional, 100.000 97.906 107.381 115.107 119.482 127.272
scientific, and
technical
services
67 Legal 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
services
68 Computer 100.000 80.061 78.410 95.697 98.177 107.796
systems design
and related
services
69 Miscellaneous 100.000 98.868 108.959 116.165 120.638 128.346
professional,
scientific,
and technical
services
70 Management of 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
companies and
enterprises
71 Administrative 100.000 94.902 95.780 98.639 98.599 110.060
and waste
management
services
72 Administrativ 100.000 94.901 95.777 98.634 98.594 110.058
e and support
services
73 Waste 100.000 100.583 113.102 120.260 123.868 120.606
management and
remediation
services
74 Educational 100.000 95.750 99.807 98.235 99.287 98.304
services, health
care, and social
assistance
75 Educational 100.000 96.466 100.537 97.811 98.288 96.721
services
76 Health care 100.000 92.091 96.079 100.779 105.075 107.519
and social
assistance
77 Ambulatory 100.000 93.147 98.651 104.256 110.265 112.972
health care
services
78 Hospitals 100.000 88.998 90.620 94.788 98.151 100.419
79 Nursing and 100.000 86.386 86.310 86.465 87.132 87.244
residential
care
facilities
80 Social 100.000 103.781 109.171 110.982 105.543 108.337
assistance
81 Arts, 100.000 97.202 99.644 100.879 101.964 105.132
entertainment,
recreation,
accommodation,
and food
services
82 Arts, 100.000 99.217 102.969 99.364 102.643 109.377
entertainment,
and recreation
83 Performing 100.000 102.969 109.674 101.006 105.741 109.777
arts,
spectator
sports,
museums, and
related
activities
84 Amusements, 100.000 97.957 100.710 98.840 101.613 109.307
gambling, and
recreation
industries
85 Accommodation 100.000 95.525 96.886 102.126 101.376 101.591
and food
services
86 Accommodation 100.000 104.347 105.016 112.315 110.994 110.328
87 Food services 100.000 84.449 86.687 89.320 89.287 90.597
and drinking
places
88 Other services, 100.000 98.292 100.202 101.214 102.268 103.003
except
government
89 Government 100.000 100.996 100.868 100.903 103.250 106.861
90 Federal 100.000 110.314 103.393 101.291 104.258 103.366
91 General 100.000 107.469 99.683 97.231 101.014 99.932
government
92 National 100.000 138.177 145.667 132.300 143.584 147.661
defense
93 Non-defense 100.000 107.465 99.677 97.226 101.008 99.925
94 Government 100.000 135.379 136.758 138.396 132.290 133.509
enterprises
95 State and local 100.000 99.402 100.395 100.769 103.017 107.340
96 General 100.000 96.712 96.950 98.078 100.759 104.620
government
97 Government ^100.000 10.640 34.078 16.137 13.309 16.125
enterprises
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Table 14. Percent Changes in Chain-Type Quantity Indexes for Outdoor Recreation Value-Added by Industry
[Percent Change]
Bureau of Economic Analysis
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 All Industries 0.2 0.5 2.0 0.4 3.9
2 Private industries 0.1 0.6 2.1 0.2 3.9
3 Agriculture, 10.9 6.7 5.7 ^6.2 1.0
forestry, fishing, and
hunting
4 Farms 13.9 12.6 4.3 2.8 ^0.8
5 Forestry, fishing, 3.7 ^7.1 9.3 ^25.5 5.9
and related
activities
6 Mining ^8.0 ^9.2 ^6.9 ^5.6 28.8
7 Oil and gas 1.7 ^3.0 27.9 0.3 ^27.8
extraction
8 Mining, except oil ^13.5 ^21.1 ^25.3 ^6.5 127.6
and gas
9 Support activities ^9.9 7.5 ^33.0 ^16.5 11.2
for mining
10 Utilities ^2.5 ^16.9 3.1 6.2 ^4.3
11 Construction ^7.1 0.5 3.7 3.7 2.1
12 Manufacturing 4.1 ^0.3 ^2.4 ^3.7 9.0
13 Durable goods 2.7 ^2.8 ^2.0 ^2.4 13.7
14 Wood products 6.5 6.2 ^0.2 1.8 6.1
15 Nonmetallic mineral 6.8 0.8 ^1.5 1.8 0.8
products
16 Primary metals ^26.0 20.2 ^20.1 5.5 ^0.1
17 Fabricated metal 7.7 ^11.5 10.0 2.3 31.2
products
18 Machinery ^0.1 ^11.0 ^16.8 ^29.6 40.5
19 Computer and 3.1 20.3 76.0 ^24.4 19.7
electronic products
20 Electrical ^4.9 ^4.8 2.5 ^23.0 2.7
equipment,
appliances, and
components
21 Motor vehicles, 7.5 ^2.1 ^7.8 0.2 25.3
bodies and trailers,
and parts
22 Other 6.3 0.5 ^3.8 0.8 0.2
transportation
equipment
23 Furniture and 0.4 ^2.9 ^11.6 ^13.4 ^1.4
related products
24 Miscellaneous ^9.1 ^3.8 ^5.2 8.9 10.6
manufacturing
25 Nondurable goods 5.0 1.4 ^2.7 ^4.7 5.4
26 Food and beverage 2.2 ^1.0 ^4.2 ^0.9 ^1.9
and tobacco products
27 Textile mills and ^15.9 7.9 3.4 3.4 ^0.9
textile product
mills
28 Apparel and leather ^3.0 ^1.9 ^1.3 13.1 5.3
and allied products
29 Paper products 2.1 9.0 ^5.5 ^4.2 ^6.5
30 Printing and ^1.5 4.3 0.8 ^0.8 ^10.9
related support
activities
31 Petroleum and coal 8.0 3.3 ^1.4 ^12.9 13.6
products
32 Chemical products 6.4 ^0.5 ^6.4 1.4 ^0.1
33 Plastics and rubber ^0.3 ^3.8 2.2 2.7 4.6
products
34 Wholesale trade ^11.7 5.2 4.0 ^3.1 ^0.6
35 Retail trade 4.7 ^1.6 0.9 0.4 4.7
36 Motor vehicle and 0.7 ^4.7 13.2 10.7 16.6
parts dealers
37 Food and beverage ^1.0 ^2.6 ^2.7 ^3.2 2.7
stores
38 General merchandise 7.6 ^0.3 3.3 ^2.4 0.9
stores
39 Other retail 5.1 ^1.4 ^1.1 0.0 4.0
40 Transportation and 5.8 4.0 5.9 3.1 5.0
warehousing
41 Air transportation 4.9 7.0 12.4 8.7 5.5
42 Rail transportation ^3.1 ^0.4 1.3 ^0.1 6.0
43 Water transportation 35.6 ^1.8 ^18.2 ^28.9 12.6
44 Truck transportation ^3.0 ^2.5 ^6.4 ^3.5 ^0.4
45 Transit and ground ^3.0 ^3.0 ^3.7 ^4.1 3.8
passenger
transportation
46 Pipeline 2.2 ^4.0 30.9 6.8 0.0
transportation
47 Other transportation 7.0 0.3 ^6.7 ^2.6 ^4.7
and support
activities
48 Warehousing and 0.9 ^3.8 1.4 5.3 ^5.3
storage
49 Information 3.3 0.3 7.9 6.6 9.0
50 Publishing ^9.1 ^4.0 ^0.4 0.1 4.4
industries, except
internet (includes
software)
51 Motion picture and ^10.5 ^0.3 11.4 10.9 1.1
sound recording
industries
52 Broadcasting and 13.8 1.4 8.3 7.0 8.2
telecommunications
53 Data processing, 12.2 10.4 31.5 20.3 23.5
internet publishing,
and other information
services
54 Finance, insurance, ^3.3 ^12.1 11.5 4.1 ^1.1
real estate, rental,
and leasing
55 Finance and ^12.6 20.4 8.8 ^3.7 ^10.0
insurance
56 Federal Reserve ^8.0 2.3 9.9 ^2.0 ^2.0
banks, credit
intermediation, and
related activities
57 Securities, 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
commodity contracts,
and investments
58 Insurance carriers ^13.2 22.8 8.7 ^3.9 ^10.9
and related
activities
59 Funds, trusts, and 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
other financial
vehicles
60 Real estate and ^1.3 ^18.0 12.2 6.2 1.2
rental and leasing
61 Real estate ^1.7 ^20.7 7.6 1.7 ^1.3
62 Housing ^1.7 ^20.7 7.6 1.7 ^1.3
63 Other real estate ^11.9 0.7 0.2 0.1 ^2.6
64 Rental and leasing 0.6 ^4.0 32.4 24.6 10.3
services and lessors
of intangible assets
65 Professional and ^4.5 2.8 3.9 0.9 10.4
business services
66 Professional, ^2.1 9.7 7.2 3.8 6.5
scientific, and
technical services
67 Legal services 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
68 Computer systems ^19.9 ^2.1 22.0 2.6 9.8
design and related
services
69 Miscellaneous ^1.1 10.2 6.6 3.9 6.4
professional,
scientific, and
technical services
70 Management of 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
companies and
enterprises
71 Administrative and ^5.1 0.9 3.0 0.0 11.6
waste management
services
72 Administrative and ^5.1 0.9 3.0 0.0 11.6
support services
73 Waste management 0.6 12.4 6.3 3.0 ^2.6
and remediation
services
74 Educational services, ^4.3 4.2 ^1.6 1.1 ^1.0
health care, and
social assistance
75 Educational services ^3.5 4.2 ^2.7 0.5 ^1.6
76 Health care and ^7.9 4.3 4.9 4.3 2.3
social assistance
77 Ambulatory health ^6.9 5.9 5.7 5.8 2.5
care services
78 Hospitals ^11.0 1.8 4.6 3.5 2.3
79 Nursing and ^13.6 ^0.1 0.2 0.8 0.1
residential care
facilities
80 Social assistance 3.8 5.2 1.7 ^4.9 2.6
81 Arts, entertainment, ^2.8 2.5 1.2 1.1 3.1
recreation,
accommodation, and
food services
82 Arts, entertainment, ^0.8 3.8 ^3.5 3.3 6.6
and recreation
83 Performing arts, 3.0 6.5 ^7.9 4.7 3.8
spectator sports,
museums, and related
activities
84 Amusements, ^2.0 2.8 ^1.9 2.8 7.6
gambling, and
recreation
industries
85 Accommodation and ^4.5 1.4 5.4 ^0.7 0.2
food services
86 Accommodation 4.3 0.6 7.0 ^1.2 ^0.6
87 Food services and ^15.6 2.6 3.0 0.0 1.5
drinking places
88 Other services, ^1.7 1.9 1.0 1.0 0.7
except government
89 Government 1.0 ^0.1 0.0 2.3 3.5
90 Federal 10.3 ^6.3 ^2.0 2.9 ^0.9
91 General government 7.5 ^7.2 ^2.5 3.9 ^1.1
92 National defense 38.2 5.4 ^9.2 8.5 2.8
93 Non-defense 7.5 ^7.2 ^2.5 3.9 ^1.1
94 Government 35.4 1.0 1.2 ^4.4 0.9
enterprises
95 State and local ^0.6 1.0 0.4 2.2 4.2
96 General government ^3.3 0.2 1.2 2.7 3.8
97 Government ^110.6 220.3 ^52.6 ^17.5 21.2
enterprises
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Table 15. Chain-Type Price Indexes for Outdoor Recreation Value-Added by Industry
[index numbers, 2012 = 100]
Bureau of Economic Analysis
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 All Industries 100.000 102.250 104.428 108.191 109.728 110.802
2 Private 100.000 102.057 104.092 107.772 109.352 110.420
industries
3 Agriculture, 100.000 102.646 94.965 92.527 90.193 92.397
forestry,
fishing, and
hunting
4 Farms 100.000 101.334 89.292 84.616 80.259 82.832
5 Forestry, 100.000 105.996 111.206 115.809 121.287 121.737
fishing, and
related
activities
6 Mining 100.000 99.765 100.096 77.739 72.960 84.269
7 Oil and gas 100.000 109.456 123.234 69.302 61.111 95.243
extraction
8 Mining, except 100.000 90.342 81.828 77.964 74.009 70.033
oil and gas
9 Support 100.000 111.602 108.614 122.041 129.422 129.293
activities for
mining
10 Utilities 100.000 106.754 112.094 123.102 129.483 136.101
11 Construction 100.000 105.926 113.582 121.209 129.112 135.681
12 Manufacturing 100.000 99.351 99.972 102.278 98.115 99.735
13 Durable goods 100.000 104.893 107.167 113.300 116.332 115.249
14 Wood products 100.000 99.091 96.990 101.796 108.993 108.279
15 Nonmetallic 100.000 100.525 99.966 106.032 108.963 109.257
mineral
products
16 Primary 100.000 107.806 109.555 125.391 123.990 112.750
metals
17 Fabricated 100.000 113.853 115.065 117.904 117.881 117.499
metal products
18 Machinery 100.000 103.238 107.885 113.490 110.902 109.515
19 Computer and 100.000 96.964 97.132 90.992 80.493 79.411
electronic
products
20 Electrical 100.000 101.606 102.683 106.082 107.375 105.156
equipment,
appliances,
and components
21 Motor 100.000 107.643 113.062 125.286 135.309 139.897
vehicles,
bodies and
trailers, and
parts
22 Other 100.000 103.622 104.796 111.186 116.462 116.747
transportation
equipment
23 Furniture and 100.000 107.332 108.810 120.811 132.593 126.301
related
products
24 Miscellaneous 100.000 102.596 103.564 108.575 107.543 96.509
manufacturing
25 Nondurable 100.000 96.022 95.668 95.769 87.439 90.728
goods
26 Food and 100.000 102.081 108.295 120.356 123.559 120.878
beverage and
tobacco
products
27 Textile mills 100.000 108.255 110.775 113.326 115.671 114.919
and textile
product mills
28 Apparel and 100.000 103.875 103.470 105.270 107.552 110.441
leather and
allied
products
29 Paper 100.000 98.017 95.073 97.481 100.461 96.359
products
30 Printing and 100.000 100.048 101.885 107.338 108.704 109.103
related
support
activities
31 Petroleum and 100.000 90.775 87.195 80.933 63.503 70.017
coal products
32 Chemical 100.000 102.426 105.965 114.933 118.883 119.142
products
33 Plastics and 100.000 99.870 100.508 107.810 110.484 107.061
rubber
products
34 Wholesale trade 100.000 111.874 111.685 113.852 115.151 116.404
35 Retail trade 100.000 99.322 101.295 104.389 105.488 104.305
36 Motor vehicle 100.000 102.707 108.205 106.333 104.345 98.619
and parts
dealers
37 Food and 100.000 102.506 107.068 115.219 120.988 121.526
beverage stores
38 General 100.000 96.519 94.153 92.891 94.460 94.879
merchandise
stores
39 Other retail 100.000 99.273 101.704 106.285 107.299 106.341
40 Transportation 100.000 101.786 105.786 111.704 114.753 115.047
and warehousing
41 Air 100.000 101.640 106.919 111.148 111.501 112.190
transportation
42 Rail 100.000 104.881 107.617 112.609 113.187 114.530
transportation
43 Water 100.000 99.086 96.845 114.658 148.501 140.076
transportation
44 Truck 100.000 103.116 107.667 114.089 115.449 116.666
transportation
45 Transit and 100.000 103.533 103.691 109.338 114.547 114.756
ground
passenger
transportation
46 Pipeline 100.000 105.792 115.403 123.639 127.543 128.054
transportation
47 Other 100.000 101.682 103.749 112.803 121.034 124.145
transportation
and support
activities
48 Warehousing 100.000 101.199 102.699 100.296 99.431 101.553
and storage
49 Information 100.000 102.105 102.868 103.004 102.256 101.574
50 Publishing 100.000 102.608 104.068 105.556 107.833 109.559
industries,
except internet
(includes
software)
51 Motion picture 100.000 119.052 126.244 125.165 115.004 126.585
and sound
recording
industries
52 Broadcasting 100.000 100.638 100.685 100.133 98.225 95.139
and
telecommunicati
ons
53 Data 100.000 101.569 101.556 101.270 100.413 100.627
processing,
internet
publishing, and
other
information
services
54 Finance, 100.000 102.732 106.162 107.457 109.360 113.278
insurance, real
estate, rental,
and leasing
55 Finance and 100.000 102.693 104.474 106.989 113.355 121.730
insurance
56 Federal 100.000 104.974 106.740 108.748 112.835 115.391
Reserve banks,
credit
intermediation
, and related
activities
57 Securities, 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
commodity
contracts, and
investments
58 Insurance 100.000 102.411 104.195 106.762 113.373 122.416
carriers and
related
activities
59 Funds, 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
trusts, and
other
financial
vehicles
60 Real estate 100.000 102.740 106.546 107.517 108.315 111.238
and rental and
leasing
61 Real estate 100.000 102.828 106.122 110.010 114.206 118.625
62 Housing 100.000 102.828 106.122 110.011 114.208 118.627
63 Other real 100.000 102.151 105.820 107.900 110.025 112.350
estate
64 Rental and 100.000 102.284 108.455 98.305 88.543 87.397
leasing
services and
lessors of
intangible
assets
65 Professional 100.000 101.584 102.781 106.329 109.637 112.737
and business
services
66 Professional, 100.000 102.377 104.355 107.895 111.361 113.822
scientific, and
technical
services
67 Legal 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
services
68 Computer 100.000 107.336 110.272 108.471 103.292 106.495
systems design
and related
services
69 Miscellaneous 100.000 102.140 104.079 107.835 111.673 114.101
professional,
scientific,
and technical
services
70 Management of 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
companies and
enterprises
71 Administrative 100.000 101.376 102.358 105.909 109.172 112.469
and waste
management
services
72 Administrativ 100.000 101.375 102.358 105.909 109.173 112.469
e and support
services
73 Waste 100.000 107.857 104.949 105.651 106.833 111.679
management and
remediation
services
74 Educational 100.000 104.335 107.295 111.036 114.961 120.355
services, health
care, and social
assistance
75 Educational 100.000 104.813 107.946 112.313 116.976 123.367
services
76 Health care 100.000 101.871 103.902 104.403 104.696 105.361
and social
assistance
77 Ambulatory 100.000 102.355 104.862 103.839 102.554 101.967
health care
services
78 Hospitals 100.000 102.282 104.226 106.925 109.393 111.715
79 Nursing and 100.000 102.253 104.249 107.852 110.897 113.751
residential
care
facilities
80 Social 100.000 94.500 92.530 94.822 98.252 102.062
assistance
81 Arts, 100.000 102.431 105.492 111.068 115.271 116.911
entertainment,
recreation,
accommodation,
and food
services
82 Arts, 100.000 101.991 104.468 111.184 115.398 115.687
entertainment,
and recreation
83 Performing 100.000 102.501 105.662 114.027 118.942 121.740
arts, spectator
sports,
museums, and
related
activities
84 Amusements, 100.000 101.815 104.047 110.183 114.154 113.585
gambling, and
recreation
industries
85 Accommodation 100.000 102.807 106.380 110.992 115.188 118.006
and food
services
86 Accommodation 100.000 102.704 106.980 111.119 114.896 117.324
87 Food services 100.000 102.953 105.445 110.794 115.648 119.068
and drinking
places
88 Other services, 100.000 103.429 106.203 109.723 112.848 117.731
except
government
89 Government 100.000 105.402 109.913 115.044 115.864 117.038
90 Federal 100.000 101.280 103.009 103.717 105.486 108.603
91 General 100.000 101.941 104.752 106.706 108.505 111.596
government
92 National 100.000 99.968 100.313 100.392 98.502 98.675
defense
93 Non-defense 100.000 101.942 104.753 106.707 108.507 111.599
94 Government 100.000 96.180 90.855 83.919 85.485 88.752
enterprises
95 State and local 100.000 106.161 111.192 117.116 117.767 118.606
96 General 100.000 105.879 110.621 114.472 114.333 115.686
government
97 Government 100.000 83.278 142.780 569.888 769.711 634.725
enterprises
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Table 16. Percent Changes in Chain-Type Price Indexes for Outdoor Recreation Value-Added by Industry
[Percent Change]
Bureau of Economic Analysis
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 All Industries 2.2 2.1 3.6 1.4 1.0
2 Private industries 2.1 2.0 3.5 1.5 1.0
3 Agriculture, 2.6 ^7.5 ^2.6 ^2.5 2.4
forestry, fishing, and
hunting
4 Farms 1.3 ^11.9 ^5.2 ^5.1 3.2
5 Forestry, fishing, 6.0 4.9 4.1 4.7 0.4
and related
activities
6 Mining ^0.2 0.3 ^22.3 ^6.1 15.5
7 Oil and gas 9.5 12.6 ^43.8 ^11.8 55.9
extraction
8 Mining, except oil ^9.7 ^9.4 ^4.7 ^5.1 ^5.4
and gas
9 Support activities 11.6 ^2.7 12.4 6.0 ^0.1
for mining
10 Utilities 6.8 5.0 9.8 5.2 5.1
11 Construction 5.9 7.2 6.7 6.5 5.1
12 Manufacturing ^0.6 0.6 2.3 ^4.1 1.7
13 Durable goods 4.9 2.2 5.7 2.7 ^0.9
14 Wood products ^0.9 ^2.1 5.0 7.1 ^0.7
15 Nonmetallic mineral 0.5 ^0.6 6.1 2.8 0.3
products
16 Primary metals 7.8 1.6 14.5 ^1.1 ^9.1
17 Fabricated metal 13.9 1.1 2.5 0.0 ^0.3
products
18 Machinery 3.2 4.5 5.2 ^2.3 ^1.3
19 Computer and ^3.0 0.2 ^6.3 ^11.5 ^1.3
electronic products
20 Electrical 1.6 1.1 3.3 1.2 ^2.1
equipment,
appliances, and
components
21 Motor vehicles, 7.6 5.0 10.8 8.0 3.4
bodies and trailers,
and parts
22 Other 3.6 1.1 6.1 4.7 0.2
transportation
equipment
23 Furniture and 7.3 1.4 11.0 9.8 ^4.7
related products
24 Miscellaneous 2.6 0.9 4.8 ^1.0 ^10.3
manufacturing
25 Nondurable goods ^4.0 ^0.4 0.1 ^8.7 3.8
26 Food and beverage 2.1 6.1 11.1 2.7 ^2.2
and tobacco products
27 Textile mills and 8.3 2.3 2.3 2.1 ^0.7
textile product
mills
28 Apparel and leather 3.9 ^0.4 1.7 2.2 2.7
and allied products
29 Paper products ^2.0 ^3.0 2.5 3.1 ^4.1
30 Printing and 0.0 1.8 5.4 1.3 0.4
related support
activities
31 Petroleum and coal ^9.2 ^3.9 ^7.2 ^21.5 10.3
products
32 Chemical products 2.4 3.5 8.5 3.4 0.2
33 Plastics and rubber ^0.1 0.6 7.3 2.5 ^3.1
products
34 Wholesale trade 11.9 ^0.2 1.9 1.1 1.1
35 Retail trade ^0.7 2.0 3.1 1.1 ^1.1
36 Motor vehicle and 2.7 5.4 ^1.7 ^1.9 ^5.5
parts dealers
37 Food and beverage 2.5 4.5 7.6 5.0 0.4
stores
38 General merchandise ^3.5 ^2.5 ^1.3 1.7 0.4
stores
39 Other retail ^0.7 2.4 4.5 1.0 ^0.9
40 Transportation and 1.8 3.9 5.6 2.7 0.3
warehousing
41 Air transportation 1.6 5.2 4.0 0.3 0.6
42 Rail transportation 4.9 2.6 4.6 0.5 1.2
43 Water transportation ^0.9 ^2.3 18.4 29.5 ^5.7
44 Truck transportation 3.1 4.4 6.0 1.2 1.1
45 Transit and ground 3.5 0.2 5.4 4.8 0.2
passenger
transportation
46 Pipeline 5.8 9.1 7.1 3.2 0.4
transportation
47 Other transportation 1.7 2.0 8.7 7.3 2.6
and support
activities
48 Warehousing and 1.2 1.5 ^2.3 ^0.9 2.1
storage
49 Information 2.1 0.7 0.1 ^0.7 ^0.7
50 Publishing 2.6 1.4 1.4 2.2 1.6
industries, except
internet (includes
software)
51 Motion picture and 19.1 6.0 ^0.9 ^8.1 10.1
sound recording
industries
52 Broadcasting and 0.6 0.0 ^0.5 ^1.9 ^3.1
telecommunications
53 Data processing, 1.6 0.0 ^0.3 ^0.8 0.2
internet publishing,
and other information
services
54 Finance, insurance, 2.7 3.3 1.2 1.8 3.6
real estate, rental,
and leasing
55 Finance and 2.7 1.7 2.4 5.9 7.4
insurance
56 Federal Reserve 5.0 1.7 1.9 3.8 2.3
banks, credit
intermediation, and
related activities
57 Securities, 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
commodity contracts,
and investments
58 Insurance carriers 2.4 1.7 2.5 6.2 8.0
and related
activities
59 Funds, trusts, and 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
other financial
vehicles
60 Real estate and 2.7 3.7 0.9 0.7 2.7
rental and leasing
61 Real estate 2.8 3.2 3.7 3.8 3.9
62 Housing 2.8 3.2 3.7 3.8 3.9
63 Other real estate 2.2 3.6 2.0 2.0 2.1
64 Rental and leasing 2.3 6.0 ^9.4 ^9.9 ^1.3
services and lessors
of intangible assets
65 Professional and 1.6 1.2 3.5 3.1 2.8
business services
66 Professional, 2.4 1.9 3.4 3.2 2.2
scientific, and
technical services
67 Legal services 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
68 Computer systems 7.3 2.7 ^1.6 ^4.8 3.1
design and related
services
69 Miscellaneous 2.1 1.9 3.6 3.6 2.2
professional,
scientific, and
technical services
70 Management of 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
companies and
enterprises
71 Administrative and 1.4 1.0 3.5 3.1 3.0
waste management
services
72 Administrative and 1.4 1.0 3.5 3.1 3.0
support services
73 Waste management 7.9 ^2.7 0.7 1.1 4.5
and remediation
services
74 Educational services, 4.3 2.8 3.5 3.5 4.7
health care, and
social assistance
75 Educational services 4.8 3.0 4.0 4.2 5.5
76 Health care and 1.9 2.0 0.5 0.3 0.6
social assistance
77 Ambulatory health 2.4 2.4 ^1.0 ^1.2 ^0.6
care services
78 Hospitals 2.3 1.9 2.6 2.3 2.1
79 Nursing and 2.3 2.0 3.5 2.8 2.6
residential care
facilities
80 Social assistance ^5.5 ^2.1 2.5 3.6 3.9
81 Arts, entertainment, 2.4 3.0 5.3 3.8 1.4
recreation,
accommodation, and
food services
82 Arts, entertainment, 2.0 2.4 6.4 3.8 0.3
and recreation
83 Performing arts, 2.5 3.1 7.9 4.3 2.4
spectator sports,
museums, and related
activities
84 Amusements, 1.8 2.2 5.9 3.6 ^0.5
gambling, and
recreation
industries
85 Accommodation and 2.8 3.5 4.3 3.8 2.4
food services
86 Accommodation 2.7 4.2 3.9 3.4 2.1
87 Food services and 3.0 2.4 5.1 4.4 3.0
drinking places
88 Other services, 3.4 2.7 3.3 2.8 4.3
except government
89 Government 5.4 4.3 4.7 0.7 1.0
90 Federal 1.3 1.7 0.7 1.7 3.0
91 General government 1.9 2.8 1.9 1.7 2.8
92 National defense 0.0 0.3 0.1 ^1.9 0.2
93 Non-defense 1.9 2.8 1.9 1.7 2.8
94 Government ^3.8 ^5.5 ^7.6 1.9 3.8
enterprises
95 State and local 6.2 4.7 5.3 0.6 0.7
96 General government 5.9 4.5 3.5 ^0.1 1.2
97 Government ^16.7 71.5 299.1 35.1 ^17.5
enterprises
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Table 17. Real Outdoor Recreation Gross Output by Activity
[Millions of chained (2012) dollars]
Bureau of Economic Analysis
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 Total Outdoor 691,782 699,173 708,666 730,321 742,793 762,768
Recreation
2 Total Core 342,735 352,736 359,960 368,509 375,449 391,354
Outdoor Recreation
3 Conventional 214,386 222,085 226,931 233,108 238,877 248,087
Outdoor
Recreation
4 Bicycling 3,182 3,353 3,445 3,306 3,729 3,874
5 Boating/ 32,428 32,760 33,153 34,769 35,854 38,039
Fishing
6 Canoeing 124 121 126 129 133 141
7 Kayaking 580 580 581 618 680 736
8 Fishing 4,863 4,829 4,947 5,082 5,063 5,031
(excludes
Boating)
9 Sailing 1,824 1,888 1,974 2,052 2,151 2,231
10 Other Boating 25,037 25,343 25,527 26,891 27,833 29,913
11 Climbing/ 5,588 5,823 5,967 5,815 6,102 6,058
Hiking/Tent
Camping
12 Equestrian 9,307 9,862 10,663 11,046 11,887 13,446
13 Hunting/ 11,371 12,968 12,397 13,267 13,043 14,068
Shooting/
Trapping
14 Hunting/ 5,844 6,518 6,217 6,779 6,280 6,709
Trapping
15 Shooting 5,527 6,451 6,181 6,486 6,772 7,371
(includes
Archery)
16 Motorcycling/ 17,154 17,575 17,989 18,825 18,703 19,592
ATVing
17 Recreational 2,870 2,849 3,018 3,068 3,251 3,206
Flying
18 RVing 26,710 28,869 30,374 31,147 33,016 34,552
19 Snow 10,638 10,733 11,091 11,323 11,298 11,575
Activities
20 Skiing 2,929 2,988 3,211 3,321 3,277 3,411
21 Snowboarding 2,534 2,635 2,770 2,864 2,912 3,050
22 Other Snow 5,175 5,110 5,108 5,125 5,092 5,067
Activities
(includes
Snowmobiling)
\1\
23 Other 18,331 18,560 19,923 20,510 21,416 21,970
Conventional
Outdoor
Recreation
Activities
24 Other 15,308 15,595 16,786 17,153 18,104 18,678
Conventional
Air and Land
Activities \2\
25 Other 3,023 2,966 3,141 3,344 3,338 3,340
Conventional
Water
Activities \3\
26 Multi-use 76,807 78,728 78,969 80,095 80,680 81,727
Apparel and
Accessories
(Conventional)
\4\
27 Other Outdoor 128,349 130,650 133,030 135,421 136,652 143,306
Recreation
28 Amusement 13,206 12,460 12,234 12,685 13,045 14,153
Parks/Water
Parks
29 Festivals/ 20,560 20,852 21,587 21,728 22,373 23,189
Sporting Events/
Concerts
30 Field Sports 5,232 5,243 5,490 5,720 5,923 6,026
31 Game Areas 32,082 33,243 32,501 32,621 33,537 34,800
(includes
Golfing and
Tennis)
32 Guided Tours/ 25,481 25,938 26,992 26,062 24,167 26,280
Outfitted
Travel
33 Air and Land 13,811 14,382 15,349 15,663 15,277 15,885
Guided Tours/
Outfitted
Travel
34 Water Guided 11,670 11,556 11,646 10,410 8,910 10,406
Tours/
Outfitted
Travel
(includes
Boating and
Fishing
Charters)
35 Productive 10,703 11,193 12,326 13,258 14,025 14,529
Activities
(includes
Gardening)
36 Other Outdoor 14,722 15,022 15,547 16,905 17,072 17,480
Recreation
Activities \5\
37 Multi-use 6,362 6,728 6,420 6,568 6,678 6,911
Apparel and
Accessories
(Other) \4\
38 Supporting 349,046 346,420 348,688 361,855 367,350 371,099
Outdoor Recreation
39 Construction 9,385 9,060 9,127 10,441 11,184 10,932
40 Local Trips 71,515 72,271 72,463 73,093 73,031 73,708
and Travel \6\
41 Trips and 234,570 231,223 232,960 242,296 245,136 248,304
Travel \7\
42 Food and 38,079 31,475 32,171 33,746 34,668 34,852
Beverages
43 Lodging 49,531 50,373 48,973 51,489 52,619 52,420
44 Shopping and 40,398 41,297 41,968 42,558 43,454 44,251
Souvenirs
45 Transportatio 106,561 108,119 109,935 114,569 114,187 116,815
n
46 Government 33,576 33,870 34,135 35,772 37,458 37,675
Expenditures
47 Federal 3,947 4,176 3,853 3,834 3,985 3,944
Government
48 State and 29,629 29,696 30,279 31,935 33,470 33,731
Local
Government
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Legend/Footnotes:
\1\ Consists of dog mushing, sleighing, snowmobiling, snow shoeing, snow tubing.
\2\ Consists of air sports, driving for pleasure, geocaching/orienteering/rock hounding, ice skating, inline
skating, land/sand sailing, races, running/walking/jogging, skateboarding, and wildlife watching/birding.
\3\ Consists of boardsailing/windsurfing, SCUBA diving, snorkeling, stand-up paddling, surfing, tubing,
wakeboarding, water skiing, and whitewater rafting.
\4\ Consists of backpacks, bug spray, coolers, general outdoor clothing, GPS equipment, hydration equipment,
lighting, sports racks, sunscreen, watches, and other miscellaneous gear and equipment.
\5\ Consists of agritourism, augmented reality games, beachgoing, disc golf, hot springs soaking, kite flying,
model airplane/rocket/UAV, paintball, photography, stargazing/astronomy, swimming, therapeutic programs, water
polo, yard sports.
\6\ Trip expenses less than 50 miles away from home, including food and beverages, lodging, shopping and
souvenirs, and transportation.
\7\ Travel and tourism expenses in the Outdoor Recreation Satellite Account are consistent with the Travel and
Tourism Satellite Account, which includes only expenses for travel at least 50 miles away from home.
Table 18. Outdoor Recreation Gross Output by Activity
[Millions of current dollars]
Bureau of Economic Analysis
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 Total Outdoor 691,782 709,072 725,728 730,955 741,630 778,487
Recreation
2 Total Core 342,735 358,561 368,355 377,843 386,701 408,053
Outdoor Recreation
3 Conventional 214,386 225,790 231,538 235,600 241,433 253,955
Outdoor
Recreation
4 Bicycling 3,182 3,341 3,454 3,342 3,840 4,011
5 Boating/ 32,428 33,413 34,434 35,757 37,050 39,878
Fishing
6 Canoeing 124 123 130 136 142 153
7 Kayaking 580 595 616 661 738 805
8 Fishing 4,863 5,007 5,171 5,353 5,337 5,346
(excludes
Boating)
9 Sailing 1,824 1,906 2,027 2,148 2,282 2,372
10 Other Boating 25,037 25,781 26,489 27,458 28,552 31,202
11 Climbing/ 5,588 5,910 6,171 6,170 6,327 6,361
Hiking/Tent
Camping
12 Equestrian 9,307 10,031 11,106 11,487 12,315 14,174
13 Hunting/ 11,371 13,342 12,918 13,942 13,807 15,060
Shooting/
Trapping
14 Hunting/ 5,844 6,745 6,558 7,227 6,741 7,312
Trapping
15 Shooting 5,527 6,597 6,360 6,715 7,066 7,747
(includes
Archery)
16 Motorcycling/ 17,154 17,680 17,996 18,134 18,082 19,553
ATVing
17 Recreational 2,870 2,957 3,069 2,727 2,747 2,888
Flying
18 RVing 26,710 29,388 31,524 31,980 33,974 36,095
19 Snow 10,638 10,754 11,135 10,770 10,670 11,304
Activities
20 Skiing 2,929 2,996 3,260 3,438 3,439 3,593
21 Snowboarding 2,534 2,646 2,820 2,979 3,068 3,225
22 Other Snow 5,175 5,112 5,055 4,352 4,162 4,486
Activities
(includes
Snowmobiling)
\1\
23 Other 18,331 18,856 19,026 18,206 18,620 19,669
Conventional
Outdoor
Recreation
Activities
24 Other 15,308 15,803 15,775 14,687 15,071 16,116
Conventional
Air and Land
Activities \2\
25 Other 3,023 3,054 3,251 3,519 3,550 3,552
Conventional
Water
Activities \3\
26 Multi-use 76,807 80,117 80,705 83,085 84,001 84,963
Apparel and
Accessories
(Conventional)
\4\
27 Other Outdoor 128,349 132,772 136,817 142,243 145,268 154,099
Recreation
28 Amusement 13,206 13,246 13,609 14,708 15,805 17,765
Parks/Water
Parks
29 Festivals/ 20,560 21,326 22,660 24,156 25,656 27,153
Sporting Events/
Concerts
30 Field Sports 5,232 5,352 5,665 5,983 6,256 6,416
31 Game Areas 32,082 33,316 32,945 33,674 34,917 36,011
(includes
Golfing and
Tennis)
32 Guided Tours/ 25,481 26,275 27,770 27,387 25,769 28,403
Outfitted
Travel
33 Air and Land 13,811 14,547 15,733 16,383 16,186 17,057
Guided Tours/
Outfitted
Travel
34 Water Guided 11,670 11,728 12,037 11,004 9,583 11,346
Tours/
Outfitted
Travel
(includes
Boating and
Fishing
Charters)
35 Productive 10,703 11,288 11,749 12,322 12,792 13,484
Activities
(includes
Gardening)
36 Other Outdoor 14,722 15,195 15,931 17,405 17,411 17,891
Recreation
Activities \5\
37 Multi-use 6,362 6,775 6,489 6,608 6,663 6,977
Apparel and
Accessories
(Other) \4\
38 Supporting 349,046 350,511 357,372 353,112 354,929 370,433
Outdoor Recreation
39 Construction 9,385 9,429 9,936 11,696 12,956 13,197
40 Local Trips 71,515 72,417 72,354 64,665 62,214 66,300
and Travel \6\
41 Trips and 234,570 233,694 239,182 239,604 241,213 251,064
Travel \7\
42 Food and 38,079 32,197 33,699 36,283 38,145 39,281
Beverages
43 Lodging 49,531 51,543 51,805 55,703 58,250 59,378
44 Shopping and 40,398 41,746 43,215 43,161 43,558 44,975
Souvenirs
45 Transportatio 106,561 108,208 110,464 104,457 101,260 107,431
n
46 Government 33,576 34,971 35,900 37,147 38,546 39,873
Expenditures
47 Federal 3,947 4,247 4,011 4,036 4,247 4,313
Government
48 State and 29,629 30,724 31,889 33,111 34,299 35,560
Local
Government
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Legend/Footnotes:
\1\ Consists of dog mushing, sleighing, snowmobiling, snow shoeing, snow tubing.
\2\ Consists of air sports, driving for pleasure, geocaching/orienteering/rock hounding, ice skating, inline
skating, land/sand sailing, races, running/walking/jogging, skateboarding, and wildlife watching/birding.
\3\ Consists of boardsailing/windsurfing, SCUBA diving, snorkeling, stand-up paddling, surfing, tubing,
wakeboarding, water skiing, and whitewater rafting.
\4\ Consists of backpacks, bug spray, coolers, general outdoor clothing, GPS equipment, hydration equipment,
lighting, sports racks, sunscreen, watches, and other miscellaneous gear and equipment.
\5\ Consists of agritourism, augmented reality games, beachgoing, disc golf, hot springs soaking, kite flying,
model airplane/rocket/UAV, paintball, photography, stargazing/astronomy, swimming, therapeutic programs, water
polo, yard sports.
\6\ Trip expenses less than 50 miles away from home, including food and beverages, lodging, shopping and
souvenirs, and transportation.
\7\ Travel and tourism expenses in the Outdoor Recreation Satellite Account are consistent with the Travel and
Tourism Satellite Account, which includes only expenses for travel at least 50 miles away from home.
Table 19. Chain-Type Quantity Indexes for Outdoor Recreation Gross Output by Activity
[index numbers, 2012 = 100]
Bureau of Economic Analysis
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 Total Outdoor 100.000 101.069 102.441 105.571 107.374 110.261
Recreation
2 Total Core 100.000 102.918 105.026 107.520 109.545 114.186
Outdoor Recreation
3 Conventional 100.000 103.591 105.851 108.733 111.423 115.720
Outdoor
Recreation
4 Bicycling 100.000 105.353 108.245 103.884 117.189 121.722
5 Boating/ 100.000 101.026 102.236 107.221 110.565 117.303
Fishing
6 Canoeing 100.000 97.093 100.948 103.910 106.698 113.516
7 Kayaking 100.000 100.146 100.252 106.719 117.267 126.939
8 Fishing 100.000 99.299 101.714 104.502 104.098 103.459
(excludes
Boating)
9 Sailing 100.000 103.516 108.214 112.473 117.947 122.335
10 Other Boating 100.000 101.224 101.959 107.407 111.168 119.477
11 Climbing/ 100.000 104.210 106.781 104.074 109.196 108.419
Hiking/Tent
Camping
12 Equestrian 100.000 105.960 114.564 118.683 127.719 144.470
13 Hunting/ 100.000 114.048 109.028 116.680 114.709 123.725
Shooting/
Trapping
14 Hunting/ 100.000 111.543 106.395 116.009 107.475 114.805
Trapping
15 Shooting 100.000 116.712 111.832 117.348 122.521 133.370
(includes
Archery)
16 Motorcycling/ 100.000 102.452 104.870 109.740 109.031 114.214
ATVing
17 Recreational 100.000 99.280 105.167 106.905 113.285 111.701
Flying
18 RVing 100.000 108.080 113.718 116.609 123.608 129.356
19 Snow 100.000 100.889 104.261 106.442 106.205 108.806
Activities
20 Skiing 100.000 101.997 109.613 113.391 111.892 116.466
21 Snowboarding 100.000 103.957 109.296 112.996 114.884 120.348
22 Other Snow 100.000 98.756 98.713 99.052 98.397 97.915
Activities
(includes
Snowmobiling)
\1\
23 Other 100.000 101.249 108.680 111.885 116.828 119.848
Conventional
Outdoor
Recreation
Activities
24 Other 100.000 101.875 109.653 112.051 118.263 122.011
Conventional
Air and Land
Activities \2\
25 Other 100.000 98.101 103.913 110.609 110.401 110.467
Conventional
Water
Activities \3\
26 Multi-use 100.000 102.501 102.816 104.281 105.043 106.406
Apparel and
Accessories
(Conventional)
\4\
27 Other Outdoor 100.000 101.793 103.647 105.510 106.469 111.654
Recreation
28 Amusement 100.000 94.350 92.635 96.054 98.778 107.167
Parks/Water
Parks
29 Festivals/ 100.000 101.417 104.991 105.677 108.813 112.784
Sporting Events/
Concerts
30 Field Sports 100.000 100.214 104.931 109.327 113.217 115.187
31 Game Areas 100.000 103.617 101.303 101.678 104.535 108.470
(includes
Golfing and
Tennis)
32 Guided Tours/ 100.000 101.792 105.930 102.279 94.841 103.135
Outfitted
Travel
33 Air and Land 100.000 104.133 111.135 113.403 110.608 115.012
Guided Tours/
Outfitted
Travel
34 Water Guided 100.000 99.027 99.794 89.205 76.349 89.169
Tours/
Outfitted
Travel
(includes
Boating and
Fishing
Charters)
35 Productive 100.000 104.584 115.164 123.879 131.045 135.749
Activities
(includes
Gardening)
36 Other Outdoor 100.000 102.039 105.606 114.826 115.961 118.733
Recreation
Activities \5\
37 Multi-use 100.000 105.752 100.903 103.227 104.963 108.624
Apparel and
Accessories
(Other) \4\
38 Supporting 100.000 99.248 99.897 103.670 105.244 106.318
Outdoor Recreation
39 Construction 100.000 96.532 97.243 111.246 119.163 116.481
40 Local Trips 100.000 101.057 101.325 102.207 102.119 103.066
and Travel \6\
41 Trips and 100.000 98.573 99.314 103.294 104.504 105.855
Travel \7\
42 Food and 100.000 82.656 84.485 88.622 91.041 91.526
Beverages
43 Lodging 100.000 101.699 98.872 103.951 106.234 105.831
44 Shopping and 100.000 102.224 103.886 105.346 107.564 109.536
Souvenirs
45 Transportatio 100.000 101.462 103.166 107.515 107.157 109.623
n
46 Government 100.000 100.876 101.666 106.540 111.560 112.209
Expenditures
47 Federal 100.000 105.796 97.623 97.132 100.955 99.914
Government
48 State and 100.000 100.226 102.193 107.783 112.965 113.846
Local
Government
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Legend/Footnotes:
\1\ Consists of dog mushing, sleighing, snowmobiling, snow shoeing, snow tubing.
\2\ Consists of air sports, driving for pleasure, geocaching/orienteering/rock hounding, ice skating, inline
skating, land/sand sailing, races, running/walking/jogging, skateboarding, and wildlife watching/birding.
\3\ Consists of boardsailing/windsurfing, SCUBA diving, snorkeling, stand-up paddling, surfing, tubing,
wakeboarding, water skiing, and whitewater rafting.
\4\ Consists of backpacks, bug spray, coolers, general outdoor clothing, GPS equipment, hydration equipment,
lighting, sports racks, sunscreen, watches, and other miscellaneous gear and equipment.
\5\ Consists of agritourism, augmented reality games, beachgoing, disc golf, hot springs soaking, kite flying,
model airplane/rocket/UAV, paintball, photography, stargazing/astronomy, swimming, therapeutic programs, water
polo, yard sports.
\6\ Trip expenses less than 50 miles away from home, including food and beverages, lodging, shopping and
souvenirs, and transportation.
\7\ Travel and tourism expenses in the Outdoor Recreation Satellite Account are consistent with the Travel and
Tourism Satellite Account, which includes only expenses for travel at least 50 miles away from home.
Table 20. Percent Changes in Chain-Type Quantity Indexes for Outdoor Recreation Gross Output by Activity
[Percent Change]
Bureau of Economic Analysis
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 Total Outdoor Recreation 1.1 1.4 3.1 1.7 2.7
2 Total Core Outdoor 2.9 2.0 2.4 1.9 4.2
Recreation
3 Conventional Outdoor 3.6 2.2 2.7 2.5 3.9
Recreation
4 Bicycling 5.4 2.7 ^4.0 12.8 3.9
5 Boating/Fishing 1.0 1.2 4.9 3.1 6.1
6 Canoeing ^2.9 4.0 2.9 2.7 6.4
7 Kayaking 0.1 0.1 6.5 9.9 8.2
8 Fishing (excludes ^0.7 2.4 2.7 ^0.4 ^0.6
Boating)
9 Sailing 3.5 4.5 3.9 4.9 3.7
10 Other Boating 1.2 0.7 5.3 3.5 7.5
11 Climbing/Hiking/Tent 4.2 2.5 ^2.5 4.9 ^0.7
Camping
12 Equestrian 6.0 8.1 3.6 7.6 13.1
13 Hunting/Shooting/ 14.0 ^4.4 7.0 ^1.7 7.9
Trapping
14 Hunting/Trapping 11.5 ^4.6 9.0 ^7.4 6.8
15 Shooting (includes 16.7 ^4.2 4.9 4.4 8.9
Archery)
16 Motorcycling/ATVing 2.5 2.4 4.6 ^0.6 4.8
17 Recreational Flying ^0.7 5.9 1.7 6.0 ^1.4
18 RVing 8.1 5.2 2.5 6.0 4.6
19 Snow Activities 0.9 3.3 2.1 ^0.2 2.4
20 Skiing 2.0 7.5 3.4 ^1.3 4.1
21 Snowboarding 4.0 5.1 3.4 1.7 4.8
22 Other Snow ^1.2 0.0 0.3 ^0.7 ^0.5
Activities (includes
Snowmobiling) \1\
23 Other Conventional 1.2 7.3 2.9 4.4 2.6
Outdoor Recreation
Activities
24 Other Conventional 1.9 7.6 2.2 5.5 3.2
Air and Land
Activities \2\
25 Other Conventional ^1.9 5.9 6.4 ^0.2 0.1
Water Activities \3\
26 Multi-use Apparel 2.5 0.3 1.4 0.7 1.3
and Accessories
(Conventional) \4\
27 Other Outdoor 1.8 1.8 1.8 0.9 4.9
Recreation
28 Amusement Parks/ ^5.7 ^1.8 3.7 2.8 8.5
Water Parks
29 Festivals/Sporting 1.4 3.5 0.7 3.0 3.6
Events/Concerts
30 Field Sports 0.2 4.7 4.2 3.6 1.7
31 Game Areas (includes 3.6 ^2.2 0.4 2.8 3.8
Golfing and Tennis)
32 Guided Tours/ 1.8 4.1 ^3.4 ^7.3 8.7
Outfitted Travel
33 Air and Land Guided 4.1 6.7 2.0 ^2.5 4.0
Tours/Outfitted
Travel
34 Water Guided Tours/ ^1.0 0.8 ^10.6 ^14.4 16.8
Outfitted Travel
(includes Boating
and Fishing
Charters)
35 Productive 4.6 10.1 7.6 5.8 3.6
Activities (includes
Gardening)
36 Other Outdoor 2.0 3.5 8.7 1.0 2.4
Recreation Activities
\5\
37 Multi-use Apparel 5.8 ^4.6 2.3 1.7 3.5
and Accessories
(Other) \4\
38 Supporting Outdoor ^0.8 0.7 3.8 1.5 1.0
Recreation
39 Construction ^3.5 0.7 14.4 7.1 ^2.3
40 Local Trips and 1.1 0.3 0.9 ^0.1 0.9
Travel \6\
41 Trips and Travel \7\ ^1.4 0.8 4.0 1.2 1.3
42 Food and Beverages ^17.3 2.2 4.9 2.7 0.5
43 Lodging 1.7 ^2.8 5.1 2.2 ^0.4
44 Shopping and 2.2 1.6 1.4 2.1 1.8
Souvenirs
45 Transportation 1.5 1.7 4.2 ^0.3 2.3
46 Government 0.9 0.8 4.8 4.7 0.6
Expenditures
47 Federal Government 5.8 ^7.7 ^0.5 3.9 ^1.0
48 State and Local 0.2 2.0 5.5 4.8 0.8
Government
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Legend/Footnotes:
\1\ Consists of dog mushing, sleighing, snowmobiling, snow shoeing, snow tubing.
\2\ Consists of air sports, driving for pleasure, geocaching/orienteering/rock hounding, ice skating, inline
skating, land/sand sailing, races, running/walking/jogging, skateboarding, and wildlife watching/birding.
\3\ Consists of boardsailing/windsurfing, SCUBA diving, snorkeling, stand-up paddling, surfing, tubing,
wakeboarding, water skiing, and whitewater rafting.
\4\ Consists of backpacks, bug spray, coolers, general outdoor clothing, GPS equipment, hydration equipment,
lighting, sports racks, sunscreen, watches, and other miscellaneous gear and equipment.
\5\ Consists of agritourism, augmented reality games, beachgoing, disc golf, hot springs soaking, kite flying,
model airplane/rocket/UAV, paintball, photography, stargazing/astronomy, swimming, therapeutic programs, water
polo, yard sports.
\6\ Trip expenses less than 50 miles away from home, including food and beverages, lodging, shopping and
souvenirs, and transportation.
\7\ Travel and tourism expenses in the Outdoor Recreation Satellite Account are consistent with the Travel and
Tourism Satellite Account, which includes only expenses for travel at least 50 miles away from home.
Table 21. Chain-Type Price Indexes for Outdoor Recreation Gross Output by Activity
[index numbers, 2012 = 100]
Bureau of Economic Analysis
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 Total Outdoor 100.000 101.416 102.558 100.234 99.990 102.211
Recreation
2 Total Core 100.000 101.652 102.630 102.831 103.296 104.570
Outdoor Recreation
3 Conventional 100.000 101.668 102.502 101.536 101.537 102.838
Outdoor
Recreation
4 Bicycling 100.000 99.638 100.264 101.079 102.956 103.542
5 Boating/ 100.000 101.993 103.863 102.839 103.338 104.836
Fishing
6 Canoeing 100.000 101.931 103.380 105.211 106.883 108.185
7 Kayaking 100.000 102.571 106.008 106.843 108.548 109.462
8 Fishing 100.000 103.692 104.544 105.338 105.415 106.250
(excludes
Boating)
9 Sailing 100.000 100.955 102.700 104.695 106.069 106.309
10 Other Boating 100.000 101.730 103.770 102.110 102.585 104.311
11 Climbing/ 100.000 101.500 103.429 106.098 103.695 104.993
Hiking/Tent
Camping
12 Equestrian 100.000 101.713 104.159 103.997 103.605 105.417
13 Hunting/ 100.000 102.886 104.203 105.088 105.856 107.046
Shooting/
Trapping
14 Hunting/ 100.000 103.489 105.482 106.607 107.334 108.997
Trapping
15 Shooting 100.000 102.264 102.899 103.537 104.344 105.099
(includes
Archery)
16 Motorcycling/ 100.000 100.600 100.038 96.332 96.679 99.798
ATVing
17 Recreational 100.000 103.770 101.688 88.870 84.471 90.066
Flying
18 RVing 100.000 101.797 103.784 102.676 102.900 104.466
19 Snow 100.000 100.198 100.391 95.110 94.439 97.661
Activities
20 Skiing 100.000 100.276 101.548 103.526 104.944 105.335
21 Snowboarding 100.000 100.427 101.787 104.017 105.376 105.731
22 Other Snow 100.000 100.037 98.959 84.917 81.748 88.537
Activities
(includes
Snowmobiling)
\1\
23 Other 100.000 101.596 101.066 93.936 92.011 94.743
Conventional
Outdoor
Recreation
Activities
24 Other 100.000 101.329 100.588 91.643 89.099 92.355
Conventional
Air and Land
Activities \2\
25 Other 100.000 102.976 103.491 105.233 106.356 106.371
Conventional
Water
Activities \3\
26 Multi-use 100.000 101.765 102.198 103.733 104.116 103.959
Apparel and
Accessories
(Conventional)
\4\
27 Other Outdoor 100.000 101.624 102.847 105.038 106.305 107.531
Recreation
28 Amusement 100.000 106.303 111.245 115.945 121.159 125.522
Parks/Water
Parks
29 Festivals/ 100.000 102.276 104.972 111.178 114.675 117.094
Sporting Events/
Concerts
30 Field Sports 100.000 102.079 103.189 104.604 105.624 106.475
31 Game Areas 100.000 100.219 101.367 103.227 104.113 103.481
(includes
Golfing and
Tennis)
32 Guided Tours/ 100.000 101.299 102.881 105.085 106.631 108.076
Outfitted
Travel
33 Air and Land 100.000 101.143 102.500 104.600 105.955 107.379
Guided Tours/
Outfitted
Travel
34 Water Guided 100.000 101.487 103.357 105.707 107.557 109.032
Tours/
Outfitted
Travel
(includes
Boating and
Fishing
Charters)
35 Productive 100.000 100.843 95.324 92.939 91.203 92.806
Activities
(includes
Gardening)
36 Other Outdoor 100.000 101.150 102.466 102.961 101.987 102.351
Recreation
Activities \5\
37 Multi-use 100.000 100.697 101.082 100.618 99.770 100.952
Apparel and
Accessories
(Other) \4\
38 Supporting 100.000 101.181 102.491 97.584 96.620 99.821
Outdoor Recreation
39 Construction 100.000 104.073 108.890 112.045 115.877 120.747
40 Local Trips 100.000 100.201 99.849 88.470 85.189 89.949
and Travel \6\
41 Trips and 100.000 101.069 102.671 98.889 98.400 101.112
Travel \7\
42 Food and 100.000 102.293 104.749 107.517 110.029 112.707
Beverages
43 Lodging 100.000 102.323 105.783 108.186 110.700 113.274
44 Shopping and 100.000 101.087 102.971 101.417 100.238 101.636
Souvenirs
45 Transportatio 100.000 100.083 100.481 91.174 88.680 91.966
n
46 Government 100.000 103.250 105.170 103.843 102.906 105.833
Expenditures
47 Federal 100.000 101.702 104.104 105.271 106.583 109.365
Government
48 State and 100.000 103.463 105.317 103.682 102.476 105.420
Local
Government
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Legend/Footnotes:
\1\ Consists of dog mushing, sleighing, snowmobiling, snow shoeing, snow tubing.
\2\ Consists of air sports, driving for pleasure, geocaching/orienteering/rock hounding, ice skating, inline
skating, land/sand sailing, races, running/walking/jogging, skateboarding, and wildlife watching/birding.
\3\ Consists of boardsailing/windsurfing, SCUBA diving, snorkeling, stand-up paddling, surfing, tubing,
wakeboarding, water skiing, and whitewater rafting.
\4\ Consists of backpacks, bug spray, coolers, general outdoor clothing, GPS equipment, hydration equipment,
lighting, sports racks, sunscreen, watches, and other miscellaneous gear and equipment.
\5\ Consists of agritourism, augmented reality games, beachgoing, disc golf, hot springs soaking, kite flying,
model airplane/rocket/UAV, paintball, photography, stargazing/astronomy, swimming, therapeutic programs, water
polo, yard sports.
\6\ Trip expenses less than 50 miles away from home, including food and beverages, lodging, shopping and
souvenirs, and transportation.
\7\ Travel and tourism expenses in the Outdoor Recreation Satellite Account are consistent with the Travel and
Tourism Satellite Account, which includes only expenses for travel at least 50 miles away from home.
Table 22. Percent Changes in Chain-Type Price Indexes for Outdoor Recreation Gross Output by Activity
[Percent Change]
Bureau of Economic Analysis
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 Total Outdoor Recreation 1.4 1.1 ^2.3 ^0.2 2.2
2 Total Core Outdoor 1.7 1.0 0.2 0.5 1.2
Recreation
3 Conventional Outdoor 1.7 0.8 ^0.9 0.0 1.3
Recreation
4 Bicycling ^0.4 0.6 0.8 1.9 0.6
5 Boating/Fishing 2.0 1.8 ^1.0 0.5 1.5
6 Canoeing 1.9 1.4 1.8 1.6 1.2
7 Kayaking 2.6 3.4 0.8 1.6 0.8
8 Fishing (excludes 3.7 0.8 0.8 0.1 0.8
Boating)
9 Sailing 1.0 1.7 1.9 1.3 0.2
10 Other Boating 1.7 2.0 ^1.6 0.5 1.7
11 Climbing/Hiking/Tent 1.5 1.9 2.6 ^2.3 1.3
Camping
12 Equestrian 1.7 2.4 ^0.2 ^0.4 1.7
13 Hunting/Shooting/ 2.9 1.3 0.8 0.7 1.1
Trapping
14 Hunting/Trapping 3.5 1.9 1.1 0.7 1.5
15 Shooting (includes 2.3 0.6 0.6 0.8 0.7
Archery)
16 Motorcycling/ATVing 0.6 ^0.6 ^3.7 0.4 3.2
17 Recreational Flying 3.8 ^2.0 ^12.6 ^5.0 6.6
18 RVing 1.8 2.0 ^1.1 0.2 1.5
19 Snow Activities 0.2 0.2 ^5.3 ^0.7 3.4
20 Skiing 0.3 1.3 1.9 1.4 0.4
21 Snowboarding 0.4 1.4 2.2 1.3 0.3
22 Other Snow 0.0 ^1.1 ^14.2 ^3.7 8.3
Activities (includes
Snowmobiling) \1\
23 Other Conventional 1.6 ^0.5 ^7.1 ^2.0 3.0
Outdoor Recreation
Activities
24 Other Conventional 1.3 ^0.7 ^8.9 ^2.8 3.7
Air and Land
Activities \2\
25 Other Conventional 3.0 0.5 1.7 1.1 0.0
Water Activities \3\
26 Multi-use Apparel 1.8 0.4 1.5 0.4 ^0.2
and Accessories
(Conventional) \4\
27 Other Outdoor 1.6 1.2 2.1 1.2 1.2
Recreation
28 Amusement Parks/ 6.3 4.6 4.2 4.5 3.6
Water Parks
29 Festivals/Sporting 2.3 2.6 5.9 3.1 2.1
Events/Concerts
30 Field Sports 2.1 1.1 1.4 1.0 0.8
31 Game Areas (includes 0.2 1.1 1.8 0.9 ^0.6
Golfing and Tennis)
32 Guided Tours/ 1.3 1.6 2.1 1.5 1.4
Outfitted Travel
33 Air and Land Guided 1.1 1.3 2.0 1.3 1.3
Tours/Outfitted
Travel
34 Water Guided Tours/ 1.5 1.8 2.3 1.7 1.4
Outfitted Travel
(includes Boating
and Fishing
Charters)
35 Productive 0.8 ^5.5 ^2.5 ^1.9 1.8
Activities (includes
Gardening)
36 Other Outdoor 1.2 1.3 0.5 ^0.9 0.4
Recreation Activities
\5\
37 Multi-use Apparel 0.7 0.4 ^0.5 ^0.8 1.2
and Accessories
(Other) \4\
38 Supporting Outdoor 1.2 1.3 ^4.8 ^1.0 3.3
Recreation
39 Construction 4.1 4.6 2.9 3.4 4.2
40 Local Trips and 0.2 ^0.4 ^11.4 ^3.7 5.6
Travel \6\
41 Trips and Travel \7\ 1.1 1.6 ^3.7 ^0.5 2.8
42 Food and Beverages 2.3 2.4 2.6 2.3 2.4
43 Lodging 2.3 3.4 2.3 2.3 2.3
44 Shopping and 1.1 1.9 ^1.5 ^1.2 1.4
Souvenirs
45 Transportation 0.1 0.4 ^9.3 ^2.7 3.7
46 Government 3.3 1.9 ^1.3 ^0.9 2.8
Expenditures
47 Federal Government 1.7 2.4 1.1 1.2 2.6
48 State and Local 3.5 1.8 ^1.6 ^1.2 2.9
Government
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Legend/Footnotes:
\1\ Consists of dog mushing, sleighing, snowmobiling, snow shoeing, snow tubing.
\2\ Consists of air sports, driving for pleasure, geocaching/orienteering/rock hounding, ice skating, inline
skating, land/sand sailing, races, running/walking/jogging, skateboarding, and wildlife watching/birding.
\3\ Consists of boardsailing/windsurfing, SCUBA diving, snorkeling, stand-up paddling, surfing, tubing,
wakeboarding, water skiing, and whitewater rafting.
\4\ Consists of backpacks, bug spray, coolers, general outdoor clothing, GPS equipment, hydration equipment,
lighting, sports racks, sunscreen, watches, and other miscellaneous gear and equipment.
\5\ Consists of agritourism, augmented reality games, beachgoing, disc golf, hot springs soaking, kite flying,
model airplane/rocket/UAV, paintball, photography, stargazing/astronomy, swimming, therapeutic programs, water
polo, yard sports.
\6\ Trip expenses less than 50 miles away from home, including food and beverages, lodging, shopping and
souvenirs, and transportation.
\7\ Travel and tourism expenses in the Outdoor Recreation Satellite Account are consistent with the Travel and
Tourism Satellite Account, which includes only expenses for travel at least 50 miles away from home.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Editor's note: this table of information was excluded from the pdf
submitted, and posted on the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis website.
It is incoporated herein, in [brackets] and is available in the xlsx
file entitled, Outdoor Recreation Activities in Conventional Definition
(https://www.bea.gov/system/files/2019-09/orsa0919-GO-Activity_1.xlsx)
[Activity List *
[Outdoor Recreation Activities in Conventional Definition
[Bicycling (All recreational bicycling, including BMX, E-bikes,
Mountain, On-road)
[Boating/Fishing (All recreational boating, including Canoeing, Fishing,
Inboard/Outboard, Kayaking, Personal watercraft, Sailing)
[Climbing/Hiking/Tent Camping
[Equestrian
[Hunting/Trapping/Shooting (including Archery)
[Motorcycling/ATVs (Off-road, On-road)
[Recreational flying (Experimental, Glider, Turboprop, Ultralight)
[RVing
[Snow activities (Dog mushing, Skiing, Sleighing, Snowboarding,
Snowmobiling, Snow shoeing, Tubing)
[Other Conventional Activities
[Other Conventional Air and Land activities
[Air sports (Base jumping, Hang gliding, Skydiving)
[Driving for pleasure (Gas spending only)
[Geocaching/Orienteering/Rock hounding
[Ice skating
[Inline skating
[Land/Sand sailing
[Races (includes Bike and Endurance racing)
[Running/Jogging/Walking
[Skateboarding
[Wildlife watching/Birding
[Other Conventional Water activities
[Boardsailing/Windsurfing
[SCUBA Diving
[Snorkeling
[Stand-up paddling
[Surfing
[Tubing/Wakeboarding
[Water skiing
[Whitewater rafting
[Outdoor Recreation Activities in Other Definition
[Amusement parks/Water parks
[Festivals/Sporting events/Concerts (includes Professional sports)
[Field sports (e.g., Football, Lacrosse, Soccer)
[Game area sports (e.g., Basketball, Golf, Tennis)
[Guided tours/Outfitted travel (includes Boating and Fishing charters)
[Productive activities (Beekeeping, Foraging, Gardening, Panning for
ore)
[Other Activities
[Agritourism (Animal sanctuaries, Petting zoos, Pick-your-own produce
farms, Vineyard tours)
[Augmented reality games
[Beachgoing
[Disc golf
[Hot springs soaking
[Kite flying
[Model airplane/rocket/UAV
[Paintball
[Photography
[Stargazing/Astronomy
[Swimming
[Therapeutic Programs
[Water Polo
[Yard sports (e.g., Bocce ball, Croquet)]
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Table 23. Real Outdoor Recreation Gross Output by Industry
[Millions of chained (2012) dollars]
Bureau of Economic Analysis
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 All Industries 691,782 699,173 708,666 730,321 742,793 762,768
2 Private 651,193 658,779 668,072 687,893 698,553 718,236
industries
3 Agriculture, 10,923 12,147 13,010 13,749 13,483 13,372
forestry,
fishing, and
hunting
4 Farms 7,970 8,941 9,930 10,548 11,208 11,014
5 Forestry, 2,953 3,207 3,105 3,236 2,497 2,552
fishing, and
related
activities
6 Mining 576 510 500 405 368 521
7 Oil and gas 194 199 227 215 217 225
extraction
8 Mining, except 330 263 215 151 123 263
oil and gas
9 Support 51 46 50 33 28 31
activities for
mining
10 Utilities 2 2 2 2 2 2
11 Construction 8,591 8,598 8,670 9,833 10,555 10,338
12 Manufacturing 147,357 152,559 152,242 154,419 157,223 162,069
13 Durable goods 44,100 46,962 47,691 48,381 48,179 51,889
14 Wood products 4 4 4 4 4 5
15 Nonmetallic 81 81 82 80 82 84
mineral
products
16 Primary 13 10 13 11 10 11
metals
17 Fabricated 3,062 3,443 3,151 3,491 3,763 4,277
metal products
18 Machinery 5,009 4,712 4,486 3,769 2,509 3,235
19 Computer and 789 780 884 1,384 1,098 1,199
electronic
products
20 Electrical 1,294 1,142 1,176 1,099 1,002 979
equipment,
appliances,
and components
21 Motor 11,160 13,234 14,091 14,189 15,324 16,630
vehicles,
bodies and
trailers, and
parts
22 Other 15,418 16,393 17,304 17,914 17,628 18,557
transportation
equipment
23 Furniture and 134 143 134 127 111 112
related
products
24 Miscellaneous 7,136 7,007 6,375 6,354 6,601 6,737
manufacturing
25 Nondurable 103,257 105,572 104,473 105,955 109,526 109,450
goods
26 Food and 17,661 17,898 18,002 18,262 18,872 18,925
beverage and
tobacco
products
27 Textile mills 887 790 837 864 894 911
and textile
product mills
28 Apparel and 4,488 4,368 4,187 4,308 5,582 6,342
leather and
allied
products
29 Paper 731 712 757 700 686 716
products
30 Printing and 208 203 211 217 222 190
related
support
activities
31 Petroleum and 72,112 74,010 72,649 73,899 74,543 72,648
coal products
32 Chemical 6,567 7,000 7,193 7,130 7,225 7,289
products
33 Plastics and 602 602 595 598 624 622
rubber
products
34 Wholesale trade 58,414 55,224 57,130 56,237 54,317 54,987
35 Retail trade 139,090 146,030 147,038 151,773 154,595 160,768
36 Motor vehicle 12,667 12,684 12,723 15,034 17,044 19,894
and parts
dealers
37 Food and 9,087 8,938 8,930 8,890 8,786 8,878
beverage stores
38 General 22,958 24,890 24,500 25,071 24,367 24,440
merchandise
stores
39 Other retail 94,377 99,537 100,889 102,735 104,281 107,438
40 Transportation 71,843 73,208 75,812 79,716 78,942 81,068
and warehousing
41 Air 46,990 47,877 49,449 53,025 52,701 53,432
transportation
42 Rail 1,094 1,082 1,103 1,100 1,116 1,163
transportation
43 Water 9,071 9,416 10,168 10,246 9,994 10,747
transportation
44 Truck 7,630 7,556 7,689 7,544 7,417 7,466
transportation
45 Transit and 3,303 3,369 3,425 3,538 3,530 3,704
ground
passenger
transportation
46 Pipeline 555 559 567 623 600 601
transportation
47 Other 3,159 3,308 3,384 3,617 3,574 3,869
transportation
and support
activities
48 Warehousing 42 42 40 41 43 44
and storage
49 Information 2,131 2,163 2,262 2,366 2,515 2,717
50 Publishing 761 720 716 714 689 739
industries,
except internet
(includes
software)
51 Motion picture 74 69 68 76 82 83
and sound
recording
industries
52 Broadcasting 1,068 1,140 1,236 1,298 1,435 1,521
and
telecommunicati
ons
53 Data 228 235 244 282 316 381
processing,
internet
publishing, and
other
information
services
54 Finance, 28,769 28,521 25,647 27,494 28,772 29,132
insurance, real
estate, rental,
and leasing
55 Finance and 7,238 7,030 7,399 7,674 7,847 7,924
insurance
56 Federal 574 563 544 580 587 589
Reserve banks,
credit
intermediation
, and related
activities
57 Securities, 0 0 0 0 0 0
commodity
contracts, and
investments
58 Insurance 6,664 6,467 6,855 7,095 7,260 7,336
carriers and
related
activities
59 Funds, 0 0 0 0 0 0
trusts, and
other
financial
vehicles
60 Real estate and 21,531 21,490 18,264 19,831 20,938 21,221
rental and
leasing
61 Real estate 15,900 15,701 12,448 13,390 13,687 13,574
62 Housing 15,894 15,697 12,443 13,386 13,682 13,569
63 Other real 5 5 5 5 5 5
estate
64 Rental and 5,631 5,790 5,820 6,451 7,330 7,795
leasing
services and
lessors of
intangible
assets
65 Professional 11,336 11,645 12,177 12,908 13,658 14,717
and business
services
66 Professional, 1,627 1,668 1,827 1,922 2,070 2,242
scientific, and
technical
services
67 Legal 0 0 0 0 0 0
services
68 Computer 64 52 51 60 62 68
systems design
and related
services
69 Miscellaneous 1,563 1,616 1,777 1,862 2,009 2,175
professional,
scientific,
and technical
services
70 Management of 0 0 0 0 0 0
companies and
enterprises
71 Administrative 9,709 9,978 10,349 10,984 11,586 12,472
and waste
management
services
72 Administrativ 9,708 9,977 10,348 10,983 11,585 12,471
e and support
services
73 Waste 1 1 1 1 1 1
management and
remediation
services
74 Educational 6,217 6,152 6,370 6,511 6,590 6,749
services, health
care, and social
assistance
75 Educational 5,647 5,600 5,788 5,899 5,949 6,086
services
76 Health care 570 553 582 612 643 666
and social
assistance
77 Ambulatory 345 345 369 393 420 437
health care
services
78 Hospitals 174 156 160 166 172 177
79 Nursing and 24 21 21 21 21 21
residential
care
facilities
80 Social 28 31 32 33 31 31
assistance
81 Arts, 160,042 156,400 161,405 166,342 171,052 175,455
entertainment,
recreation,
accommodation,
and food
services
82 Arts, 73,256 74,346 75,936 77,394 80,026 84,615
entertainment,
and recreation
83 Performing 19,373 19,599 20,324 20,587 21,259 22,080
arts,
spectator
sports,
museums, and
related
activities
84 Amusements, 53,884 54,748 55,609 56,808 58,770 62,561
gambling, and
recreation
industries
85 Accommodation 86,785 82,060 85,468 88,943 91,020 90,841
and food
services
86 Accommodation 46,580 48,095 50,429 52,113 53,127 52,790
87 Food services 40,205 33,967 35,041 36,833 37,896 38,054
and drinking
places
88 Other services, 5,902 5,821 5,906 6,015 6,220 6,290
except
government
89 Government 40,589 40,399 40,606 42,422 44,196 44,518
90 Federal 4,644 4,811 4,478 4,453 4,587 4,541
91 General 3,965 4,190 3,870 3,848 4,006 3,964
government
92 National 0 1 1 1 1 1
defense
93 Non-defense 3,964 4,190 3,869 3,848 4,005 3,964
94 Government 679 619 609 605 575 571
enterprises
95 State and local 35,944 35,590 36,123 37,960 39,600 39,968
96 General 33,916 33,700 34,392 36,233 37,910 38,257
government
97 Government 2,029 1,891 1,730 1,727 1,695 1,717
enterprises
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Table 24. Outdoor Recreation Gross Output by Industry
[Millions of current dollars]
Bureau of Economic Analysis
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 All Industries 691,782 709,072 725,728 730,955 741,630 778,487
2 Private 651,193 667,458 683,184 686,929 696,061 731,385
industries
3 Agriculture, 10,923 12,386 12,717 12,878 12,038 12,098
forestry,
fishing, and
hunting
4 Farms 7,970 9,050 9,377 9,348 9,285 9,212
5 Forestry, 2,953 3,335 3,340 3,530 2,753 2,886
fishing, and
related
activities
6 Mining 576 508 496 317 271 431
7 Oil and gas 194 209 251 150 135 185
extraction
8 Mining, except 330 247 191 127 99 206
oil and gas
9 Support 51 52 54 41 36 40
activities for
mining
10 Utilities 2 2 2 2 2 2
11 Construction 8,591 8,948 9,439 11,020 12,237 12,488
12 Manufacturing 147,357 151,604 148,878 127,511 121,696 133,051
13 Durable goods 44,100 47,946 49,357 50,666 50,630 55,064
14 Wood products 4 4 4 4 5 5
15 Nonmetallic 81 82 83 83 86 89
mineral
products
16 Primary 13 10 13 11 10 10
metals
17 Fabricated 3,062 3,710 3,423 3,786 4,046 4,661
metal products
18 Machinery 5,009 4,787 4,662 3,968 2,599 3,360
19 Computer and 789 763 867 1,285 920 994
electronic
products
20 Electrical 1,294 1,148 1,192 1,119 1,020 1,002
equipment,
appliances,
and components
21 Motor 11,160 13,543 14,696 15,110 16,545 18,367
vehicles,
bodies and
trailers, and
parts
22 Other 15,418 16,632 17,707 18,556 18,471 19,771
transportation
equipment
23 Furniture and 134 147 141 136 123 124
related
products
24 Miscellaneous 7,136 7,119 6,568 6,609 6,806 6,681
manufacturing
25 Nondurable 103,257 103,658 99,521 76,845 71,066 77,987
goods
26 Food and 17,661 18,186 19,025 19,123 19,283 19,507
beverage and
tobacco
products
27 Textile mills 887 827 892 921 958 982
and textile
product mills
28 Apparel and 4,488 4,486 4,302 4,471 5,846 6,748
leather and
allied
products
29 Paper 731 711 752 694 681 710
products
30 Printing and 208 204 213 221 225 195
related
support
activities
31 Petroleum and 72,112 71,532 66,278 43,305 35,789 41,337
coal products
32 Chemical 6,567 7,106 7,448 7,501 7,651 7,874
products
33 Plastics and 602 608 610 609 632 635
rubber
products
34 Wholesale trade 58,414 59,128 61,302 61,158 59,585 61,089
35 Retail trade 139,090 146,262 149,260 157,377 161,764 168,440
36 Motor vehicle 12,667 12,965 13,523 15,851 17,827 20,318
and parts
dealers
37 Food and 9,087 9,131 9,450 9,872 10,076 10,286
beverage stores
38 General 22,958 24,412 23,665 24,074 23,686 23,960
merchandise
stores
39 Other retail 94,377 99,754 102,621 107,580 110,175 113,875
40 Transportation 71,843 73,622 77,497 78,757 77,800 81,437
and warehousing
41 Air 46,990 48,019 50,719 51,580 50,199 52,127
transportation
42 Rail 1,094 1,116 1,153 1,133 1,142 1,226
transportation
43 Water 9,071 9,387 10,066 10,221 10,676 11,430
transportation
44 Truck 7,630 7,666 7,898 7,599 7,419 7,637
transportation
45 Transit and 3,303 3,458 3,519 3,674 3,764 4,003
ground
passenger
transportation
46 Pipeline 555 583 628 723 712 720
transportation
47 Other 3,159 3,351 3,471 3,786 3,844 4,250
transportation
and support
activities
48 Warehousing 42 42 41 41 43 45
and storage
49 Information 2,131 2,197 2,316 2,427 2,577 2,781
50 Publishing 761 735 741 747 734 798
industries,
except internet
(includes
software)
51 Motion picture 74 76 79 87 90 97
and sound
recording
industries
52 Broadcasting 1,068 1,147 1,248 1,307 1,435 1,500
and
telecommunicati
ons
53 Data 228 238 248 286 319 387
processing,
internet
publishing, and
other
information
services
54 Finance, 28,769 29,224 27,041 29,267 31,125 32,541
insurance, real
estate, rental,
and leasing
55 Finance and 7,238 7,173 7,663 8,096 8,594 9,086
insurance
56 Federal 574 586 577 623 649 666
Reserve banks,
credit
intermediation
, and related
activities
57 Securities, 0 0 0 0 0 0
commodity
contracts, and
investments
58 Insurance 6,664 6,587 7,086 7,474 7,945 8,420
carriers and
related
activities
59 Funds, 0 0 0 0 0 0
trusts, and
other
financial
vehicles
60 Real estate 21,531 22,051 19,378 21,171 22,531 23,455
and rental and
leasing
61 Real estate 15,900 16,146 13,206 14,713 15,604 16,065
62 Housing 15,894 16,141 13,201 14,708 15,599 16,060
63 Other real 5 5 5 5 5 5
estate
64 Rental and 5,631 5,905 6,172 6,457 6,927 7,390
leasing
services and
lessors of
intangible
assets
65 Professional 11,336 11,820 12,515 13,541 14,591 15,999
and business
services
66 Professional, 1,627 1,707 1,909 2,066 2,285 2,520
scientific, and
technical
services
67 Legal 0 0 0 0 0 0
services
68 Computer 64 56 56 65 64 72
systems design
and related
services
69 Miscellaneous 1,563 1,652 1,853 2,000 2,222 2,447
professional,
scientific,
and technical
services
70 Management of 0 0 0 0 0 0
companies and
enterprises
71 Administrative 9,709 10,113 10,606 11,476 12,306 13,480
and waste
management
services
72 Administrativ 9,708 10,112 10,605 11,474 12,304 13,478
e and support
services
73 Waste 1 1 1 1 1 1
management and
remediation
services
74 Educational 6,217 6,315 6,660 6,968 7,184 7,558
services, health
care, and social
assistance
75 Educational 5,647 5,753 6,068 6,342 6,523 6,868
services
76 Health care 570 563 592 627 661 690
and social
assistance
77 Ambulatory 345 353 373 396 420 438
health care
services
78 Hospitals 174 159 167 177 187 197
79 Nursing and 24 21 22 22 23 24
residential
care
facilities
80 Social 28 29 30 31 31 32
assistance
81 Arts, 160,042 159,449 168,847 179,212 188,336 196,288
entertainment,
recreation,
accommodation,
and food
services
82 Arts, 73,256 75,602 78,943 83,482 88,259 94,255
entertainment,
and recreation
83 Performing 19,373 20,037 21,322 22,849 24,333 25,806
arts,
spectator
sports,
museums, and
related
activities
84 Amusements, 53,884 55,565 57,621 60,633 63,926 68,450
gambling, and
recreation
industries
85 Accommodation 86,785 83,847 89,905 95,731 100,076 102,032
and food
services
86 Accommodation 46,580 49,114 53,206 56,130 58,385 59,153
87 Food services 40,205 34,733 36,699 39,600 41,692 42,879
and drinking
places
88 Other services, 5,902 5,993 6,214 6,492 6,857 7,181
except
government
89 Government 40,589 41,614 42,544 44,026 45,569 47,102
90 Federal 4,644 4,871 4,605 4,589 4,787 4,865
91 General 3,965 4,262 4,028 4,051 4,268 4,334
government
92 National 0 1 1 1 1 1
defense
93 Non-defense 3,964 4,261 4,028 4,050 4,268 4,334
94 Government 679 610 576 538 518 531
enterprises
95 State and local 35,944 36,743 37,939 39,437 40,782 42,237
96 General 33,916 34,792 36,137 37,588 38,924 40,318
government
97 Government 2,029 1,951 1,803 1,848 1,859 1,919
enterprises
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Table 25. Chain-Type Quantity Indexes for Outdoor Recreation Gross Output by Industry
[index numbers, 2012 = 100]
Bureau of Economic Analysis
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 All Industries 100.000 101.069 102.441 105.571 107.374 110.261
2 Private 100.000 101.165 102.592 105.636 107.273 110.295
industries
3 Agriculture, 100.000 111.204 119.108 125.877 123.436 122.422
forestry,
fishing, and
hunting
4 Farms 100.000 112.189 124.598 132.356 140.632 138.199
5 Forestry, 100.000 108.573 105.132 109.556 84.550 86.427
fishing, and
related
activities
6 Mining 100.000 88.512 86.822 70.378 63.888 90.509
7 Oil and gas 100.000 102.721 117.093 111.024 111.797 115.889
extraction
8 Mining, except 100.000 79.445 65.052 45.548 37.283 79.520
oil and gas
9 Support 100.000 90.060 96.822 64.899 54.217 60.294
activities for
mining
10 Utilities 100.000 101.498 86.151 87.632 89.177 86.030
11 Construction 100.000 100.087 100.926 114.457 122.864 120.336
12 Manufacturing 100.000 103.530 103.315 104.793 106.695 109.984
13 Durable goods 100.000 106.490 108.144 109.708 109.250 117.663
14 Wood products 100.000 100.778 107.625 115.268 118.055 127.101
15 Nonmetallic 100.000 100.975 101.225 99.043 101.447 104.176
mineral
products
16 Primary 100.000 75.998 93.904 78.952 76.647 79.514
metals
17 Fabricated 100.000 112.466 102.932 114.018 122.910 139.694
metal products
18 Machinery 100.000 94.065 89.566 75.235 50.081 64.575
19 Computer and 100.000 98.858 112.091 175.409 139.216 151.964
electronic
products
20 Electrical 100.000 88.243 90.897 84.951 77.466 75.670
equipment,
appliances,
and components
21 Motor 100.000 118.585 126.260 127.143 137.315 149.013
vehicles,
bodies and
trailers, and
parts
22 Other 100.000 106.323 112.229 116.187 114.330 120.358
transportation
equipment
23 Furniture and 100.000 106.537 100.294 94.629 83.178 83.535
related
products
24 Miscellaneous 100.000 98.187 89.330 89.037 92.504 94.403
manufacturing
25 Nondurable 100.000 102.241 101.177 102.612 106.071 105.997
goods
26 Food and 100.000 101.342 101.931 103.403 106.858 107.158
beverage and
tobacco
products
27 Textile mills 100.000 89.022 94.361 97.333 100.739 102.687
and textile
product mills
28 Apparel and 100.000 97.327 93.293 95.991 124.387 141.325
leather and
allied
products
29 Paper 100.000 97.361 103.463 95.745 93.837 97.927
products
30 Printing and 100.000 97.473 101.496 104.634 106.663 91.606
related
support
activities
31 Petroleum and 100.000 102.632 100.744 102.478 103.371 100.743
coal products
32 Chemical 100.000 106.584 109.532 108.563 110.017 110.989
products
33 Plastics and 100.000 99.914 98.743 99.287 103.654 103.167
rubber
products
34 Wholesale trade 100.000 94.539 97.803 96.273 92.987 94.134
35 Retail trade 100.000 104.990 105.715 109.119 111.147 115.586
36 Motor vehicle 100.000 100.132 100.436 118.681 134.551 157.049
and parts
dealers
37 Food and 100.000 98.356 98.272 97.838 96.687 97.696
beverage stores
38 General 100.000 108.415 106.716 109.203 106.136 106.455
merchandise
stores
39 Other retail 100.000 105.467 106.900 108.855 110.494 113.839
40 Transportation 100.000 101.899 105.524 110.958 109.880 112.839
and warehousing
41 Air 100.000 101.888 105.233 112.845 112.154 113.710
transportation
42 Rail 100.000 98.944 100.872 100.603 101.999 106.297
transportation
43 Water 100.000 103.806 112.090 112.954 110.171 118.474
transportation
44 Truck 100.000 99.037 100.783 98.873 97.208 97.853
transportation
45 Transit and 100.000 102.004 103.691 107.121 106.868 112.127
ground
passenger
transportation
46 Pipeline 100.000 100.712 102.051 112.209 108.041 108.227
transportation
47 Other 100.000 104.718 107.120 114.493 113.149 122.492
transportation
and support
activities
48 Warehousing 100.000 99.781 96.587 98.139 103.719 105.238
and storage
49 Information 100.000 101.504 106.164 111.071 118.070 127.529
50 Publishing 100.000 94.581 94.103 93.804 90.616 97.142
industries,
except internet
(includes
software)
51 Motion picture 100.000 93.038 92.486 102.829 110.743 112.002
and sound
recording
industries
52 Broadcasting 100.000 106.727 115.747 121.513 134.315 142.392
and
telecommunicati
ons
53 Data 100.000 103.202 106.812 123.479 138.473 167.258
processing,
internet
publishing, and
other
information
services
54 Finance, 100.000 99.137 89.149 95.567 100.011 101.261
insurance, real
estate, rental,
and leasing
55 Finance and 100.000 97.129 102.223 106.030 108.408 109.476
insurance
56 Federal 100.000 98.153 94.868 101.032 102.310 102.641
Reserve banks,
credit
intermediation
, and related
activities
57 Securities, 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
commodity
contracts, and
investments
58 Insurance 100.000 97.040 102.872 106.472 108.946 110.078
carriers and
related
activities
59 Funds, 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
trusts, and
other
financial
vehicles
60 Real estate 100.000 99.810 84.825 92.105 97.247 98.561
and rental and
leasing
61 Real estate 100.000 98.752 78.289 84.219 86.084 85.373
62 Housing 100.000 98.756 78.285 84.217 86.083 85.372
63 Other real 100.000 88.142 88.794 89.007 89.119 86.836
estate
64 Rental and 100.000 102.808 103.355 114.555 130.164 138.417
leasing
services and
lessors of
intangible
assets
65 Professional 100.000 102.727 107.415 113.861 120.482 129.824
and business
services
66 Professional, 100.000 102.494 112.291 118.145 127.213 137.823
scientific, and
technical
services
67 Legal 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
services
68 Computer 100.000 80.829 78.795 94.010 96.236 105.877
systems design
and related
services
69 Miscellaneous 100.000 103.404 113.710 119.168 128.513 139.169
professional,
scientific,
and technical
services
70 Management of 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
companies and
enterprises
71 Administrative 100.000 102.766 106.585 113.133 119.331 128.453
and waste
management
services
72 Administrativ 100.000 102.766 106.585 113.133 119.330 128.454
e and support
services
73 Waste 100.000 100.583 113.102 120.260 123.868 120.606
management and
remediation
services
74 Educational 100.000 98.952 102.448 104.719 105.991 108.548
services, health
care, and social
assistance
75 Educational 100.000 99.161 102.494 104.467 105.348 107.771
services
76 Health care 100.000 96.875 102.035 107.381 112.759 116.735
and social
assistance
77 Ambulatory 100.000 100.100 107.206 114.182 121.812 126.791
health care
services
78 Hospitals 100.000 89.899 91.955 95.524 98.895 101.974
79 Nursing and 100.000 86.541 86.867 86.268 86.912 87.765
residential
care
facilities
80 Social 100.000 109.848 115.234 117.049 111.737 112.135
assistance
81 Arts, 100.000 97.725 100.852 103.936 106.880 109.631
entertainment,
recreation,
accommodation,
and food
services
82 Arts, 100.000 101.488 103.657 105.648 109.241 115.505
entertainment,
and recreation
83 Performing 100.000 101.166 104.912 106.268 109.734 113.976
arts,
spectator
sports,
museums, and
related
activities
84 Amusements, 100.000 101.604 103.201 105.427 109.067 116.103
gambling, and
recreation
industries
85 Accommodation 100.000 94.555 98.483 102.486 104.880 104.673
and food
services
86 Accommodation 100.000 103.253 108.263 111.878 114.056 113.331
87 Food services 100.000 84.485 87.156 91.614 94.258 94.651
and drinking
places
88 Other services, 100.000 98.614 100.055 101.907 105.381 106.559
except
government
89 Government 100.000 99.533 100.042 104.516 108.887 109.681
90 Federal 100.000 103.583 96.410 95.875 98.770 97.784
91 General 100.000 105.691 97.602 97.062 101.029 99.985
government
92 National 100.000 138.629 146.247 133.086 144.098 148.627
defense
93 Non-defense 100.000 105.688 97.597 97.059 101.025 99.981
94 Government 100.000 91.089 89.571 89.065 84.609 84.008
enterprises
95 State and local 100.000 99.015 100.496 105.608 110.169 111.195
96 General 100.000 99.363 101.405 106.833 111.778 112.800
government
97 Government 100.000 93.205 85.257 85.143 83.542 84.628
enterprises
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Table 26. Percent Changes in Chain-Type Quantity Indexes for Outdoor Recreation Gross Output by Industry
[Percent Change]
Bureau of Economic Analysis
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 All Industries 1.1 1.4 3.1 1.7 2.7
2 Private industries 1.2 1.4 3.0 1.5 2.8
3 Agriculture, 11.2 7.1 5.7 ^1.9 ^0.8
forestry, fishing, and
hunting
4 Farms 12.2 11.1 6.2 6.3 ^1.7
5 Forestry, fishing, 8.6 ^3.2 4.2 ^22.8 2.2
and related
activities
6 Mining ^11.5 ^1.9 ^18.9 ^9.2 41.7
7 Oil and gas 2.7 14.0 ^5.2 0.7 3.7
extraction
8 Mining, except oil ^20.6 ^18.1 ^30.0 ^18.1 113.3
and gas
9 Support activities ^9.9 7.5 ^33.0 ^16.5 11.2
for mining
10 Utilities 1.5 ^15.1 1.7 1.8 ^3.5
11 Construction 0.1 0.8 13.4 7.3 ^2.1
12 Manufacturing 3.5 ^0.2 1.4 1.8 3.1
13 Durable goods 6.5 1.6 1.4 ^0.4 7.7
14 Wood products 0.8 6.8 7.1 2.4 7.7
15 Nonmetallic mineral 1.0 0.2 ^2.2 2.4 2.7
products
16 Primary metals ^24.0 23.6 ^15.9 ^2.9 3.7
17 Fabricated metal 12.5 ^8.5 10.8 7.8 13.7
products
18 Machinery ^5.9 ^4.8 ^16.0 ^33.4 28.9
19 Computer and ^1.1 13.4 56.5 ^20.6 9.2
electronic products
20 Electrical ^11.8 3.0 ^6.5 ^8.8 ^2.3
equipment,
appliances, and
components
21 Motor vehicles, 18.6 6.5 0.7 8.0 8.5
bodies and trailers,
and parts
22 Other 6.3 5.6 3.5 ^1.6 5.3
transportation
equipment
23 Furniture and 6.5 ^5.9 ^5.6 ^12.1 0.4
related products
24 Miscellaneous ^1.8 ^9.0 ^0.3 3.9 2.1
manufacturing
25 Nondurable goods 2.2 ^1.0 1.4 3.4 ^0.1
26 Food and beverage 1.3 0.6 1.4 3.3 0.3
and tobacco products
27 Textile mills and ^11.0 6.0 3.1 3.5 1.9
textile product
mills
28 Apparel and leather ^2.7 ^4.1 2.9 29.6 13.6
and allied products
29 Paper products ^2.6 6.3 ^7.5 ^2.0 4.4
30 Printing and ^2.5 4.1 3.1 1.9 ^14.1
related support
activities
31 Petroleum and coal 2.6 ^1.8 1.7 0.9 ^2.5
products
32 Chemical products 6.6 2.8 ^0.9 1.3 0.9
33 Plastics and rubber ^0.1 ^1.2 0.6 4.4 ^0.5
products
34 Wholesale trade ^5.5 3.5 ^1.6 ^3.4 1.2
35 Retail trade 5.0 0.7 3.2 1.9 4.0
36 Motor vehicle and 0.1 0.3 18.2 13.4 16.7
parts dealers
37 Food and beverage ^1.6 ^0.1 ^0.4 ^1.2 1.0
stores
38 General merchandise 8.4 ^1.6 2.3 ^2.8 0.3
stores
39 Other retail 5.5 1.4 1.8 1.5 3.0
40 Transportation and 1.9 3.6 5.1 ^1.0 2.7
warehousing
41 Air transportation 1.9 3.3 7.2 ^0.6 1.4
42 Rail transportation ^1.1 1.9 ^0.3 1.4 4.2
43 Water transportation 3.8 8.0 0.8 ^2.5 7.5
44 Truck transportation ^1.0 1.8 ^1.9 ^1.7 0.7
45 Transit and ground 2.0 1.7 3.3 ^0.2 4.9
passenger
transportation
46 Pipeline 0.7 1.3 10.0 ^3.7 0.2
transportation
47 Other transportation 4.7 2.3 6.9 ^1.2 8.3
and support
activities
48 Warehousing and ^0.2 ^3.2 1.6 5.7 1.5
storage
49 Information 1.5 4.6 4.6 6.3 8.0
50 Publishing ^5.4 ^0.5 ^0.3 ^3.4 7.2
industries, except
internet (includes
software)
51 Motion picture and ^7.0 ^0.6 11.2 7.7 1.1
sound recording
industries
52 Broadcasting and 6.7 8.5 5.0 10.5 6.0
telecommunications
53 Data processing, 3.2 3.5 15.6 12.1 20.8
internet publishing,
and other information
services
54 Finance, insurance, ^0.9 ^10.1 7.2 4.7 1.2
real estate, rental,
and leasing
55 Finance and ^2.9 5.2 3.7 2.2 1.0
insurance
56 Federal Reserve ^1.8 ^3.3 6.5 1.3 0.3
banks, credit
intermediation, and
related activities
57 Securities, 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
commodity contracts,
and investments
58 Insurance carriers ^3.0 6.0 3.5 2.3 1.0
and related
activities
59 Funds, trusts, and 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
other financial
vehicles
60 Real estate and ^0.2 ^15.0 8.6 5.6 1.4
rental and leasing
61 Real estate ^1.2 ^20.7 7.6 2.2 ^0.8
62 Housing ^1.2 ^20.7 7.6 2.2 ^0.8
63 Other real estate ^11.9 0.7 0.2 0.1 ^2.6
64 Rental and leasing 2.8 0.5 10.8 13.6 6.3
services and lessors
of intangible assets
65 Professional and 2.7 4.6 6.0 5.8 7.8
business services
66 Professional, 2.5 9.6 5.2 7.7 8.3
scientific, and
technical services
67 Legal services 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
68 Computer systems ^19.2 ^2.5 19.3 2.4 10.0
design and related
services
69 Miscellaneous 3.4 10.0 4.8 7.8 8.3
professional,
scientific, and
technical services
70 Management of 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
companies and
enterprises
71 Administrative and 2.8 3.7 6.1 5.5 7.6
waste management
services
72 Administrative and 2.8 3.7 6.1 5.5 7.6
support services
73 Waste management 0.6 12.4 6.3 3.0 ^2.6
and remediation
services
74 Educational services, ^1.0 3.5 2.2 1.2 2.4
health care, and
social assistance
75 Educational services ^0.8 3.4 1.9 0.8 2.3
76 Health care and ^3.1 5.3 5.2 5.0 3.5
social assistance
77 Ambulatory health 0.1 7.1 6.5 6.7 4.1
care services
78 Hospitals ^10.1 2.3 3.9 3.5 3.1
79 Nursing and ^13.5 0.4 ^0.7 0.7 1.0
residential care
facilities
80 Social assistance 9.8 4.9 1.6 ^4.5 0.4
81 Arts, entertainment, ^2.3 3.2 3.1 2.8 2.6
recreation,
accommodation, and
food services
82 Arts, entertainment, 1.5 2.1 1.9 3.4 5.7
and recreation
83 Performing arts, 1.2 3.7 1.3 3.3 3.9
spectator sports,
museums, and related
activities
84 Amusements, 1.6 1.6 2.2 3.5 6.5
gambling, and
recreation
industries
85 Accommodation and ^5.4 4.2 4.1 2.3 ^0.2
food services
86 Accommodation 3.3 4.9 3.3 1.9 ^0.6
87 Food services and ^15.5 3.2 5.1 2.9 0.4
drinking places
88 Other services, ^1.4 1.5 1.9 3.4 1.1
except government
89 Government ^0.5 0.5 4.5 4.2 0.7
90 Federal 3.6 ^6.9 ^0.6 3.0 ^1.0
91 General government 5.7 ^7.7 ^0.6 4.1 ^1.0
92 National defense 38.6 5.5 ^9.0 8.3 3.1
93 Non-defense 5.7 ^7.7 ^0.6 4.1 ^1.0
94 Government ^8.9 ^1.7 ^0.6 ^5.0 ^0.7
enterprises
95 State and local ^1.0 1.5 5.1 4.3 0.9
96 General government ^0.6 2.1 5.4 4.6 0.9
97 Government ^6.8 ^8.5 ^0.1 ^1.9 1.3
enterprises
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Table 27. Chain-Type Price Indexes for Outdoor Recreation Gross Output by Industry
[index numbers, 2012 = 100]
Bureau of Economic Analysis
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 All Industries 100.000 101.416 102.558 100.234 99.990 102.211
2 Private 100.000 101.317 102.421 100.015 99.799 101.989
industries
3 Agriculture, 100.000 101.967 97.749 93.665 89.282 90.470
forestry,
fishing, and
hunting
4 Farms 100.000 101.224 94.434 88.622 82.843 83.636
5 Forestry, 100.000 104.010 107.572 109.112 110.243 113.073
fishing, and
related
activities
6 Mining 100.000 99.741 99.248 78.233 73.546 82.730
7 Oil and gas 100.000 104.978 110.516 69.456 62.322 82.229
extraction
8 Mining, except 100.000 94.276 88.888 84.193 80.618 78.486
oil and gas
9 Support 100.000 111.600 108.614 122.036 129.416 129.288
activities for
mining
10 Utilities 100.000 104.341 108.295 114.535 118.939 124.257
11 Construction 100.000 104.068 108.893 112.102 115.968 120.833
12 Manufacturing 100.000 99.374 97.797 82.580 77.408 82.101
13 Durable goods 100.000 102.096 103.493 104.723 105.088 106.120
14 Wood products 100.000 100.147 99.615 101.825 106.511 107.292
15 Nonmetallic 100.000 100.907 102.029 103.890 105.222 106.150
mineral
products
16 Primary 100.000 100.264 100.488 100.600 97.819 98.102
metals
17 Fabricated 100.000 107.757 108.630 108.455 107.513 108.986
metal products
18 Machinery 100.000 101.599 103.915 105.280 103.594 103.881
19 Computer and 100.000 97.878 98.063 92.842 83.761 82.903
electronic
products
20 Electrical 100.000 100.546 101.395 101.857 101.760 102.330
equipment,
appliances,
and components
21 Motor 100.000 102.337 104.299 106.488 107.965 110.448
vehicles,
bodies and
trailers, and
parts
22 Other 100.000 101.457 102.328 103.584 104.785 106.540
transportation
equipment
23 Furniture and 100.000 102.810 104.625 106.968 109.973 110.765
related
products
24 Miscellaneous 100.000 101.599 103.031 104.008 103.103 99.165
manufacturing
25 Nondurable 100.000 98.188 95.270 72.533 64.891 71.260
goods
26 Food and 100.000 101.606 105.681 104.712 102.176 103.072
beverage and
tobacco
products
27 Textile mills 100.000 104.731 106.578 106.716 107.265 107.819
and textile
product mills
28 Apparel and 100.000 102.701 102.980 104.003 104.942 106.620
leather and
allied
products
29 Paper 100.000 99.788 99.410 99.101 99.257 99.069
products
30 Printing and 100.000 100.481 101.170 101.438 101.738 102.604
related
support
activities
31 Petroleum and 100.000 96.652 91.231 58.600 48.011 56.900
coal products
32 Chemical 100.000 101.517 103.544 105.216 105.898 108.021
products
33 Plastics and 100.000 100.961 102.531 101.829 101.179 102.137
rubber
products
34 Wholesale trade 100.000 107.070 107.763 109.219 110.169 111.575
35 Retail trade 100.000 100.158 102.018 104.210 105.159 105.294
36 Motor vehicle 100.000 102.215 106.294 105.440 104.596 102.134
and parts
dealers
37 Food and 100.000 102.165 105.877 111.095 114.733 115.921
beverage stores
38 General 100.000 98.079 96.958 96.385 97.574 98.405
merchandise
stores
39 Other retail 100.000 100.217 102.363 105.381 106.323 106.665
40 Transportation 100.000 100.565 102.265 98.839 98.594 100.498
and warehousing
41 Air 100.000 100.296 102.570 97.275 95.253 97.559
transportation
42 Rail 100.000 103.129 104.518 102.943 102.335 105.435
transportation
43 Water 100.000 99.686 98.997 99.755 106.828 106.355
transportation
44 Truck 100.000 101.453 103.112 101.133 100.424 102.691
transportation
45 Transit and 100.000 102.623 102.757 103.830 106.640 108.084
ground
passenger
transportation
46 Pipeline 100.000 104.167 110.870 116.063 118.720 119.686
transportation
47 Other 100.000 101.316 102.592 104.683 107.550 109.837
transportation
and support
activities
48 Warehousing 100.000 101.453 103.049 101.094 100.331 102.527
and storage
49 Information 100.000 101.578 102.394 102.568 102.462 102.383
50 Publishing 100.000 102.147 103.521 104.681 106.412 107.962
industries,
except internet
(includes
software)
51 Motion picture 100.000 111.472 116.094 114.850 109.718 116.881
and sound
recording
industries
52 Broadcasting 100.000 100.607 100.935 100.705 100.031 98.658
and
telecommunicati
ons
53 Data 100.000 101.341 101.806 101.642 101.144 101.513
processing,
internet
publishing, and
other
information
services
54 Finance, 100.000 102.467 105.435 106.449 108.175 111.702
insurance, real
estate, rental,
and leasing
55 Finance and 100.000 102.033 103.567 105.497 109.522 114.660
insurance
56 Federal 100.000 104.095 105.923 107.365 110.554 113.004
Reserve banks,
credit
intermediation
, and related
activities
57 Securities, 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
commodity
contracts, and
investments
58 Insurance 100.000 101.854 103.364 105.333 109.425 114.780
carriers and
related
activities
59 Funds, 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
trusts, and
other
financial
vehicles
60 Real estate 100.000 102.610 106.104 106.755 107.606 110.526
and rental and
leasing
61 Real estate 100.000 102.832 106.094 109.878 114.004 118.354
62 Housing 100.000 102.833 106.094 109.879 114.006 118.356
63 Other real 100.000 102.151 105.820 107.900 110.025 112.350
estate
64 Rental and 100.000 101.996 106.048 100.099 94.502 94.804
leasing
services and
lessors of
intangible
assets
65 Professional 100.000 101.499 102.775 104.910 106.831 108.714
and business
services
66 Professional, 100.000 102.375 104.488 107.466 110.420 112.377
scientific, and
technical
services
67 Legal 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
services
68 Computer 100.000 107.136 110.036 108.304 103.191 106.377
systems design
and related
services
69 Miscellaneous 100.000 102.200 104.289 107.409 110.618 112.536
professional,
scientific,
and technical
services
70 Management of 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
companies and
enterprises
71 Administrative 100.000 101.352 102.485 104.472 106.210 108.080
and waste
management
services
72 Administrativ 100.000 101.352 102.485 104.472 106.210 108.080
e and support
services
73 Waste 100.000 107.857 104.949 105.651 106.833 111.679
management and
remediation
services
74 Educational 100.000 102.646 104.769 107.246 109.234 112.215
services, health
care, and social
assistance
75 Educational 100.000 102.729 104.846 107.500 109.648 112.848
services
76 Health care 100.000 101.818 104.008 104.710 105.144 106.064
and social
assistance
77 Ambulatory 100.000 102.225 104.617 104.426 103.821 103.878
health care
services
78 Hospitals 100.000 102.196 104.683 106.818 108.870 111.112
79 Nursing and 100.000 102.174 104.783 107.668 110.219 112.941
residential
care
facilities
80 Social 100.000 94.661 92.829 95.066 98.325 102.075
assistance
81 Arts, 100.000 101.949 104.613 107.739 110.106 111.875
entertainment,
recreation,
accommodation,
and food
services
82 Arts, 100.000 101.689 103.963 107.869 110.291 111.397
entertainment,
and recreation
83 Performing 100.000 102.235 104.911 110.988 114.463 116.875
arts,
spectator
sports,
museums, and
related
activities
84 Amusements, 100.000 101.494 103.622 106.737 108.778 109.417
gambling, and
recreation
industries
85 Accommodation 100.000 102.178 105.191 107.632 109.950 112.320
and food
services
86 Accommodation 100.000 102.119 105.506 107.709 109.896 112.055
87 Food services 100.000 102.253 104.732 107.512 110.015 112.680
and drinking
places
88 Other services, 100.000 102.959 105.223 107.942 110.254 114.185
except
government
89 Government 100.000 103.007 104.780 103.787 103.113 105.810
90 Federal 100.000 101.258 102.891 103.109 104.404 107.180
91 General 100.000 101.700 104.099 105.255 106.562 109.337
government
92 National 100.000 99.954 100.304 100.289 98.446 98.579
defense
93 Non-defense 100.000 101.700 104.100 105.255 106.563 109.338
94 Government 100.000 98.484 95.070 89.309 90.524 93.346
enterprises
95 State and local 100.000 103.238 105.029 103.890 102.987 105.675
96 General 100.000 103.240 105.073 103.741 102.673 105.388
government
97 Government 100.000 103.194 104.216 107.001 109.675 111.753
enterprises
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Table 28. Percent Changes in Chain-Type Price Indexes for Outdoor Recreation Gross Output by Industry
[Percent Change]
Bureau of Economic Analysis
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 All Industries 1.4 1.1 ^2.3 ^0.2 2.2
2 Private industries 1.3 1.1 ^2.3 ^0.2 2.2
3 Agriculture, 2.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.7 1.3
forestry, fishing, and
hunting
4 Farms 1.2 ^6.7 ^6.2 ^6.5 1.0
5 Forestry, fishing, 4.0 3.4 1.4 1.0 2.6
and related
activities
6 Mining ^0.3 ^0.5 ^21.2 ^6.0 12.5
7 Oil and gas 5.0 5.3 ^37.2 ^10.3 31.9
extraction
8 Mining, except oil ^5.7 ^5.7 ^5.3 ^4.2 ^2.6
and gas
9 Support activities 11.6 ^2.7 12.4 6.0 ^0.1
for mining
10 Utilities 4.3 3.8 5.8 3.8 4.5
11 Construction 4.1 4.6 2.9 3.4 4.2
12 Manufacturing ^0.6 ^1.6 ^15.6 ^6.3 6.1
13 Durable goods 2.1 1.4 1.2 0.3 1.0
14 Wood products 0.1 ^0.5 2.2 4.6 0.7
15 Nonmetallic mineral 0.9 1.1 1.8 1.3 0.9
products
16 Primary metals 0.3 0.2 0.1 ^2.8 0.3
17 Fabricated metal 7.8 0.8 ^0.2 ^0.9 1.4
products
18 Machinery 1.6 2.3 1.3 ^1.6 0.3
19 Computer and ^2.1 0.2 ^5.3 ^9.8 ^1.0
electronic products
20 Electrical 0.5 0.8 0.5 ^0.1 0.6
equipment,
appliances, and
components
21 Motor vehicles, 2.3 1.9 2.1 1.4 2.3
bodies and trailers,
and parts
22 Other 1.5 0.9 1.2 1.2 1.7
transportation
equipment
23 Furniture and 2.8 1.8 2.2 2.8 0.7
related products
24 Miscellaneous 1.6 1.4 0.9 ^0.9 ^3.8
manufacturing
25 Nondurable goods ^1.8 ^3.0 ^23.9 ^10.5 9.8
26 Food and beverage 1.6 4.0 ^0.9 ^2.4 0.9
and tobacco products
27 Textile mills and 4.7 1.8 0.1 0.5 0.5
textile product
mills
28 Apparel and leather 2.7 0.3 1.0 0.9 1.6
and allied products
29 Paper products ^0.2 ^0.4 ^0.3 0.2 ^0.2
30 Printing and 0.5 0.7 0.3 0.3 0.9
related support
activities
31 Petroleum and coal ^3.3 ^5.6 ^35.8 ^18.1 18.5
products
32 Chemical products 1.5 2.0 1.6 0.6 2.0
33 Plastics and rubber 1.0 1.6 ^0.7 ^0.6 0.9
products
34 Wholesale trade 7.1 0.6 1.4 0.9 1.3
35 Retail trade 0.2 1.9 2.1 0.9 0.1
36 Motor vehicle and 2.2 4.0 ^0.8 ^0.8 ^2.4
parts dealers
37 Food and beverage 2.2 3.6 4.9 3.3 1.0
stores
38 General merchandise ^1.9 ^1.1 ^0.6 1.2 0.9
stores
39 Other retail 0.2 2.1 2.9 0.9 0.3
40 Transportation and 0.6 1.7 ^3.3 ^0.2 1.9
warehousing
41 Air transportation 0.3 2.3 ^5.2 ^2.1 2.4
42 Rail transportation 3.1 1.3 ^1.5 ^0.6 3.0
43 Water transportation ^0.3 ^0.7 0.8 7.1 ^0.4
44 Truck transportation 1.5 1.6 ^1.9 ^0.7 2.3
45 Transit and ground 2.6 0.1 1.0 2.7 1.4
passenger
transportation
46 Pipeline 4.2 6.4 4.7 2.3 0.8
transportation
47 Other transportation 1.3 1.3 2.0 2.7 2.1
and support
activities
48 Warehousing and 1.5 1.6 ^1.9 ^0.8 2.2
storage
49 Information 1.6 0.8 0.2 ^0.1 ^0.1
50 Publishing 2.1 1.3 1.1 1.7 1.5
industries, except
internet (includes
software)
51 Motion picture and 11.5 4.1 ^1.1 ^4.5 6.5
sound recording
industries
52 Broadcasting and 0.6 0.3 ^0.2 ^0.7 ^1.4
telecommunications
53 Data processing, 1.3 0.5 ^0.2 ^0.5 0.4
internet publishing,
and other information
services
54 Finance, insurance, 2.5 2.9 1.0 1.6 3.3
real estate, rental,
and leasing
55 Finance and 2.0 1.5 1.9 3.8 4.7
insurance
56 Federal Reserve 4.1 1.8 1.4 3.0 2.2
banks, credit
intermediation, and
related activities
57 Securities, 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
commodity contracts,
and investments
58 Insurance carriers 1.9 1.5 1.9 3.9 4.9
and related
activities
59 Funds, trusts, and 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
other financial
vehicles
60 Real estate and 2.6 3.4 0.6 0.8 2.7
rental and leasing
61 Real estate 2.8 3.2 3.6 3.8 3.8
62 Housing 2.8 3.2 3.6 3.8 3.8
63 Other real estate 2.2 3.6 2.0 2.0 2.1
64 Rental and leasing 2.0 4.0 ^5.6 ^5.6 0.3
services and lessors
of intangible assets
65 Professional and 1.5 1.3 2.1 1.8 1.8
business services
66 Professional, 2.4 2.1 2.9 2.7 1.8
scientific, and
technical services
67 Legal services 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
68 Computer systems 7.1 2.7 ^1.6 ^4.7 3.1
design and related
services
69 Miscellaneous 2.2 2.0 3.0 3.0 1.7
professional,
scientific, and
technical services
70 Management of 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
companies and
enterprises
71 Administrative and 1.4 1.1 1.9 1.7 1.8
waste management
services
72 Administrative and 1.4 1.1 1.9 1.7 1.8
support services
73 Waste management 7.9 ^2.7 0.7 1.1 4.5
and remediation
services
74 Educational services, 2.6 2.1 2.4 1.9 2.7
health care, and
social assistance
75 Educational services 2.7 2.1 2.5 2.0 2.9
76 Health care and 1.8 2.2 0.7 0.4 0.9
social assistance
77 Ambulatory health 2.2 2.3 ^0.2 ^0.6 0.1
care services
78 Hospitals 2.2 2.4 2.0 1.9 2.1
79 Nursing and 2.2 2.6 2.8 2.4 2.5
residential care
facilities
80 Social assistance ^5.3 ^1.9 2.4 3.4 3.8
81 Arts, entertainment, 1.9 2.6 3.0 2.2 1.6
recreation,
accommodation, and
food services
82 Arts, entertainment, 1.7 2.2 3.8 2.2 1.0
and recreation
83 Performing arts, 2.2 2.6 5.8 3.1 2.1
spectator sports,
museums, and related
activities
84 Amusements, 1.5 2.1 3.0 1.9 0.6
gambling, and
recreation
industries
85 Accommodation and 2.2 2.9 2.3 2.2 2.2
food services
86 Accommodation 2.1 3.3 2.1 2.0 2.0
87 Food services and 2.3 2.4 2.7 2.3 2.4
drinking places
88 Other services, 3.0 2.2 2.6 2.1 3.6
except government
89 Government 3.0 1.7 ^0.9 ^0.6 2.6
90 Federal 1.3 1.6 0.2 1.3 2.7
91 General government 1.7 2.4 1.1 1.2 2.6
92 National defense 0.0 0.3 0.0 ^1.8 0.1
93 Non-defense 1.7 2.4 1.1 1.2 2.6
94 Government ^1.5 ^3.5 ^6.1 1.4 3.1
enterprises
95 State and local 3.2 1.7 ^1.1 ^0.9 2.6
96 General government 3.2 1.8 ^1.3 ^1.0 2.6
97 Government 3.2 1.0 2.7 2.5 1.9
enterprises
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Table 29. Outdoor Recreation Compensation by Industry
[Millions of current dollars]
Bureau of Economic Analysis
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 All Industries 177,963 179,837 186,169 195,635 203,145 213,441
2 Private 159,068 160,065 165,953 174,536 181,372 190,851
industries
3 Agriculture, 2,010 1,956 2,086 2,214 2,244 2,358
forestry,
fishing, and
hunting
4 Farms 1,582 1,470 1,627 1,651 1,816 1,896
5 Forestry, 428 486 459 563 428 462
fishing, and
related
activities
6 Mining 81 72 61 51 48 69
7 Oil and gas 9 9 10 12 11 8
extraction
8 Mining, except 57 47 36 27 23 48
oil and gas
9 Support 15 16 15 12 14 14
activities for
mining
10 Utilities 0 1 0 1 1 1
11 Construction 3,421 3,317 3,498 3,602 4,018 4,465
12 Manufacturing 15,109 15,359 15,704 16,123 16,539 17,941
13 Durable goods 8,680 8,792 8,998 9,358 9,402 10,636
14 Wood products 1 1 1 1 1 1
15 Nonmetallic 18 18 18 18 19 18
mineral
products
16 Primary 2 2 2 2 2 2
metals
17 Fabricated 736 826 801 920 926 1,215
metal products
18 Machinery 834 839 805 771 559 797
19 Computer and 286 267 307 469 339 413
electronic
products
20 Electrical 357 323 329 322 291 299
equipment,
appliances,
and components
21 Motor 1,644 1,700 1,696 1,691 1,839 2,651
vehicles,
bodies and
trailers, and
parts
22 Other 3,004 3,144 3,422 3,450 3,617 3,410
transportation
equipment
23 Furniture and 26 29 29 29 27 25
related
products
24 Miscellaneous 1,773 1,644 1,588 1,685 1,782 1,806
manufacturing
25 Nondurable 6,429 6,567 6,706 6,765 7,137 7,306
goods
26 Food and 1,908 1,996 2,134 2,182 2,318 2,240
beverage and
tobacco
products
27 Textile mills 227 208 227 232 249 231
and textile
product mills
28 Apparel and 1,853 1,847 1,845 1,797 1,985 2,106
leather and
allied
products
29 Paper 125 118 127 120 119 86
products
30 Printing and 63 61 66 69 70 64
related
support
activities
31 Petroleum and 1,307 1,342 1,283 1,309 1,341 1,500
coal products
32 Chemical 839 887 914 943 934 953
products
33 Plastics and 108 107 109 112 120 125
rubber
products
34 Wholesale trade 11,364 11,038 11,610 12,260 11,984 12,168
35 Retail trade 44,085 45,357 45,731 47,717 48,207 49,804
36 Motor vehicle 3,504 3,462 3,525 3,896 4,223 4,637
and parts
dealers
37 Food and 3,636 3,712 3,800 4,007 4,056 4,148
beverage stores
38 General 9,955 10,428 9,979 10,199 10,158 10,250
merchandise
stores
39 Other retail 26,990 27,755 28,426 29,614 29,771 30,769
40 Transportation 15,496 16,292 16,943 18,680 20,187 21,373
and warehousing
41 Air 9,731 10,268 10,919 12,403 13,762 14,806
transportation
42 Rail 308 293 302 336 335 350
transportation
43 Water 1,275 1,467 1,480 1,559 1,600 1,700
transportation
44 Truck 2,014 2,057 2,063 2,113 2,106 2,180
transportation
45 Transit and 1,175 1,132 1,068 1,107 1,153 1,167
ground
passenger
transportation
46 Pipeline 54 49 48 64 68 69
transportation
47 Other 926 1,011 1,049 1,082 1,146 1,081
transportation
and support
activities
48 Warehousing 14 14 14 15 16 20
and storage
49 Information 437 460 482 501 511 540
50 Publishing 209 209 211 223 214 219
industries,
except internet
(includes
software)
51 Motion picture 15 18 20 22 23 27
and sound
recording
industries
52 Broadcasting 174 188 203 199 212 216
and
telecommunicati
ons
53 Data 40 45 48 57 62 78
processing,
internet
publishing, and
other
information
services
54 Finance, 3,405 3,311 3,182 3,480 3,571 3,804
insurance, real
estate, rental,
and leasing
55 Finance and 1,952 1,855 1,820 1,837 1,819 1,945
insurance
56 Federal 141 145 139 164 172 176
Reserve banks,
credit
intermediation
, and related
activities
57 Securities, 0 0 0 0 0 0
commodity
contracts, and
investments
58 Insurance 1,811 1,710 1,681 1,673 1,648 1,769
carriers and
related
activities
59 Funds, 0 0 0 0 0 0
trusts, and
other
financial
vehicles
60 Real estate 1,453 1,456 1,363 1,643 1,751 1,859
and rental and
leasing
61 Real estate 564 579 459 488 503 525
62 Housing 562 578 457 487 501 524
63 Other real 1 1 1 1 1 1
estate
64 Rental and 890 876 904 1,155 1,249 1,334
leasing
services and
lessors of
intangible
assets
65 Professional 3,611 3,296 3,488 3,886 4,026 4,719
and business
services
66 Professional, 635 557 618 707 776 853
scientific, and
technical
services
67 Legal 0 0 0 0 0 0
services
68 Computer 35 30 31 40 38 43
systems design
and related
services
69 Miscellaneous 600 526 587 667 739 810
professional,
scientific,
and technical
services
70 Management of 0 0 0 0 0 0
companies and
enterprises
71 Administrative 2,976 2,740 2,870 3,179 3,250 3,866
and waste
management
services
72 Administrativ 2,975 2,739 2,870 3,179 3,249 3,866
e and support
services
73 Waste 0 0 0 0 0 0
management and
remediation
services
74 Educational 2,614 2,663 2,880 2,984 3,119 3,237
services, health
care, and social
assistance
75 Educational 2,342 2,393 2,599 2,686 2,808 2,914
services
76 Health care 271 270 282 297 312 324
and social
assistance
77 Ambulatory 164 170 179 188 199 208
health care
services
78 Hospitals 83 76 79 83 86 89
79 Nursing and 13 11 12 12 12 12
residential
care
facilities
80 Social 11 13 13 14 14 14
assistance
81 Arts, 55,125 54,539 57,754 60,333 64,062 67,329
entertainment,
recreation,
accommodation,
and food
services
82 Arts, 27,743 28,812 30,819 31,688 34,120 36,203
entertainment,
and recreation
83 Performing 7,148 7,555 8,327 8,531 9,350 9,987
arts,
spectator
sports,
museums, and
related
activities
84 Amusements, 20,595 21,257 22,492 23,156 24,770 26,216
gambling, and
recreation
industries
85 Accommodation 27,383 25,726 26,935 28,645 29,942 31,125
and food
services
86 Accommodation 13,818 14,032 14,605 15,379 15,886 16,321
87 Food services 13,565 11,694 12,329 13,266 14,056 14,805
and drinking
places
88 Other services, 2,309 2,404 2,533 2,705 2,855 3,043
except
government
89 Government 18,896 19,772 20,216 21,099 21,773 22,590
90 Federal 1,992 2,148 2,049 2,038 2,147 2,188
91 General 1,726 1,864 1,778 1,786 1,904 1,933
government
92 National 0 0 0 0 0 0
defense
93 Non-defense 1,726 1,864 1,778 1,786 1,904 1,933
94 Government 266 283 270 252 243 255
enterprises
95 State and local 16,904 17,624 18,167 19,061 19,626 20,402
96 General 15,053 15,448 16,228 16,976 17,549 18,403
government
97 Government 1,851 2,177 1,939 2,086 2,077 1,998
enterprises
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Table 30. Outdoor Recreation Employment by Industry
Thousands of full- and part-time employees
Bureau of Economic Analysis
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 All Industries 4,841 4,794 4,879 4,983 5,081 5,171
2 Private 4,557 4,509 4,594 4,694 4,787 4,873
industries
3 Agriculture, 50 47 50 52 53 55
forestry,
fishing, and
hunting
4 Farms 45 41 44 45 47 48
5 Forestry, 5 6 6 7 6 7
fishing, and
related
activities
6 Mining 1 1 1 0 0 1
7 Oil and gas 0 0 0 0 0 0
extraction
8 Mining, except 1 0 0 0 0 0
oil and gas
9 Support 0 0 0 0 0 0
activities for
mining
10 Utilities 0 0 0 0 0 0
11 Construction 88 90 93 101 102 103
12 Manufacturing 227 231 230 235 244 256
13 Durable goods 128 134 133 137 144 159
14 Wood products 0 0 0 0 0 0
15 Nonmetallic 0 0 0 0 0 0
mineral
products
16 Primary 0 0 0 0 0 0
metals
17 Fabricated 9 10 10 11 11 11
metal products
18 Machinery 9 9 8 8 6 7
19 Computer and 3 3 4 5 4 4
electronic
products
20 Electrical 5 4 4 4 4 4
equipment,
appliances,
and components
21 Motor 34 38 38 40 47 58
vehicles,
bodies and
trailers, and
parts
22 Other 39 41 42 43 46 50
transportation
equipment
23 Furniture and 1 1 1 1 1 0
related
products
24 Miscellaneous 28 27 26 26 26 25
manufacturing
25 Nondurable 99 97 97 97 99 97
goods
26 Food and 35 35 36 37 39 39
beverage and
tobacco
products
27 Textile mills 5 5 5 5 5 5
and textile
product mills
28 Apparel and 39 37 36 36 36 33
leather and
allied
products
29 Paper 2 2 2 1 1 1
products
30 Printing and 1 1 1 1 1 1
related
support
activities
31 Petroleum and 7 7 6 7 6 6
coal products
32 Chemical 9 9 9 9 9 9
products
33 Plastics and 2 2 2 2 2 2
rubber
products
34 Wholesale trade 150 147 148 150 148 148
35 Retail trade 1,601 1,610 1,612 1,632 1,629 1,627
36 Motor vehicle 89 91 94 99 102 105
and parts
dealers
37 Food and 126 128 131 134 135 135
beverage stores
38 General 396 381 378 380 376 357
merchandise
stores
39 Other retail 990 1,010 1,010 1,019 1,016 1,031
40 Transportation 216 214 217 226 231 238
and warehousing
41 Air 111 108 111 119 123 130
transportation
42 Rail 3 3 3 3 3 3
transportation
43 Water 13 14 14 15 15 15
transportation
44 Truck 34 34 33 33 33 32
transportation
45 Transit and 29 28 27 27 27 27
ground
passenger
transportation
46 Pipeline 1 1 1 1 1 1
transportation
47 Other 25 26 27 28 29 29
transportation
and support
activities
48 Warehousing 0 0 0 0 0 0
and storage
49 Information 6 6 6 6 6 6
50 Publishing 4 4 4 4 3 3
industries,
except internet
(includes
software)
51 Motion picture 1 1 1 1 1 1
and sound
recording
industries
52 Broadcasting 2 2 2 2 2 2
and
telecommunicati
ons
53 Data 0 0 0 0 0 0
processing,
internet
publishing, and
other
information
services
54 Finance, 53 53 49 50 51 52
insurance, real
estate, rental,
and leasing
55 Finance and 18 17 16 16 15 16
insurance
56 Federal 2 2 2 2 2 2
Reserve banks,
credit
intermediation
, and related
activities
57 Securities, 0 0 0 0 0 0
commodity
contracts, and
investments
58 Insurance 16 15 14 14 13 14
carriers and
related
activities
59 Funds, 0 0 0 0 0 0
trusts, and
other
financial
vehicles
60 Real estate 35 36 33 34 35 36
and rental and
leasing
61 Real estate 14 14 10 10 10 10
62 Housing 14 14 10 10 10 10
63 Other real 0 0 0 0 0 0
estate
64 Rental and 21 22 23 24 25 26
leasing
services and
lessors of
intangible
assets
65 Professional 67 68 69 72 77 77
and business
services
66 Professional, 16 17 18 19 20 21
scientific, and
technical
services
67 Legal 0 0 0 0 0 0
services
68 Computer 0 0 0 0 0 0
systems design
and related
services
69 Miscellaneous 16 17 18 19 20 21
professional,
scientific,
and technical
services
70 Management of 0 0 0 0 0 0
companies and
enterprises
71 Administrative 51 51 51 53 57 56
and waste
management
services
72 Administrativ 51 51 51 53 57 56
e and support
services
73 Waste 0 0 0 0 0 0
management and
remediation
services
74 Educational 96 102 108 112 118 123
services, health
care, and social
assistance
75 Educational 91 98 103 108 113 118
services
76 Health care 4 4 4 5 5 5
and social
assistance
77 Ambulatory 2 3 3 3 3 3
health care
services
78 Hospitals 1 1 1 1 1 1
79 Nursing and 0 0 0 0 0 0
residential
care
facilities
80 Social 0 0 0 0 0 0
assistance
81 Arts, 1,941 1,880 1,948 1,994 2,065 2,123
entertainment,
recreation,
accommodation,
and food
services
82 Arts, 870 892 938 953 999 1,036
entertainment,
and recreation
83 Performing 73 75 79 80 81 84
arts,
spectator
sports,
museums, and
related
activities
84 Amusements, 796 816 859 873 918 952
gambling, and
recreation
industries
85 Accommodation 1,071 988 1,010 1,041 1,066 1,088
and food
services
86 Accommodation 425 434 441 453 461 470
87 Food services 646 554 568 589 604 618
and drinking
places
88 Other services, 61 61 64 64 64 64
except
government
89 Government 284 285 285 289 294 297
90 Federal 24 26 23 23 23 23
91 General 24 26 23 23 23 23
government
92 National 0 0 0 0 0 0
defense
93 Non-defense 24 26 23 23 23 23
94 Government 0 0 0 0 0 0
enterprises
95 State and local 260 259 262 266 271 275
96 General 236 233 239 242 247 253
government
97 Government 23 26 23 24 24 22
enterprises
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
state level news release tables
Table 1. Outdoor Recreation Value-Added, Employment, and Compensation as a Percent of Total, 2017
[Millions of current dollars]
Friday, September 20, 2019
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Outdoor
Total Outdoor Total Outdoor Recreation
Recreation Value- Percent of Total Recreation Percent of Total Compensation Percent of Total
Added (Thousands of Value-Added \1\ Employment Employment \1\ (Thousands of Compensation \1\
Dollars) Dollars)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
United States 427,189,444 2.2 5,170,670 3.4 213,440,905 2.1
Alabama.................... 4,133,003 2.0 62,647 3.0 2,083,927 1.8
Alaska..................... 2,187,367 4.2 22,677 6.4 1,030,701 3.8
Arizona.................... 8,654,150 2.7 108,460 3.8 4,327,385 2.4
Arkansas................... 2,887,050 2.3 39,299 3.1 1,390,053 2.0
California................. 52,120,252 1.9 588,680 3.3 27,383,466 1.9
Colorado................... 11,308,942 3.3 146,178 5.3 5,963,912 3.1
Connecticut................ 3,594,652 1.4 48,390 2.8 1,923,607 1.4
Delaware................... 1,309,865 1.8 18,485 4.0 611,026 1.9
District of Columbia....... 1,623,489 1.2 23,651 3.0 977,279 1.1
Florida.................... 42,183,230 4.3 502,939 5.6 20,690,183 3.9
Georgia.................... 12,319,942 2.2 144,203 3.1 6,274,833 2.1
Hawaii..................... 4,794,590 5.4 57,584 7.9 2,437,813 5.1
Idaho...................... 2,328,949 3.2 33,831 4.5 1,182,979 3.0
Illinois................... 14,725,840 1.8 165,400 2.7 7,737,696 1.7
Indiana.................... 9,658,524 2.8 108,535 3.4 4,486,832 2.4
Iowa....................... 3,442,812 1.9 48,185 3.0 1,634,494 1.8
Kansas..................... 2,918,117 1.8 39,776 2.7 1,425,887 1.7
Kentucky................... 4,135,194 2.1 53,632 2.7 1,973,149 1.8
Louisiana.................. 5,898,325 2.5 59,460 2.9 2,588,692 2.1
Maine...................... 2,957,847 4.8 40,720 6.4 1,373,098 3.8
Maryland................... 7,058,582 1.8 92,683 3.3 3,746,066 1.7
Massachusetts.............. 9,210,427 1.7 111,609 3.0 4,907,443 1.6
Michigan................... 9,954,756 2.0 126,681 2.8 4,755,614 1.7
Minnesota.................. 9,638,553 2.7 101,035 3.4 4,505,794 2.2
Mississippi................ 2,629,162 2.4 33,111 2.7 1,119,665 1.9
Missouri................... 6,761,351 2.2 91,090 3.1 3,586,118 2.0
Montana.................... 2,381,709 5.1 28,847 5.9 1,068,201 4.2
Nebraska................... 2,273,407 1.9 29,863 2.9 1,095,738 1.8
Nevada..................... 4,462,542 2.8 56,940 4.2 2,239,107 2.7
New Hampshire.............. 2,710,336 3.3 37,818 5.5 1,315,354 2.9
New Jersey................. 11,222,802 1.9 139,017 3.3 6,070,879 1.9
New Mexico................. 2,314,310 2.5 33,486 3.9 1,167,986 2.4
New York................... 26,299,866 1.6 293,447 3.0 14,178,838 1.7
North Carolina............. 11,936,052 2.2 151,589 3.3 5,758,490 2.0
North Dakota............... 1,208,579 2.3 14,856 3.3 542,894 2.0
Ohio....................... 10,167,019 1.6 137,073 2.4 5,348,251 1.5
Oklahoma................... 3,836,530 2.0 47,096 2.8 1,793,835 1.8
Oregon..................... 6,538,383 2.9 86,529 4.4 3,583,571 2.8
Pennsylvania............... 13,173,567 1.8 173,588 2.8 6,826,124 1.7
Rhode Island............... 1,391,601 2.3 21,642 4.3 748,122 2.2
South Carolina............. 6,853,918 3.1 101,274 4.7 3,466,434 2.8
South Dakota............... 1,341,806 2.7 18,718 4.1 615,661 2.6
Tennessee.................. 7,342,537 2.1 101,033 3.3 3,707,056 2.0
Texas...................... 34,565,594 2.1 340,798 2.7 14,285,680 1.7
Utah....................... 5,514,051 3.3 75,143 4.9 2,844,732 3.2
Vermont.................... 1,468,493 4.5 17,301 5.3 612,583 3.2
Virginia................... 9,285,508 1.8 128,407 3.1 4,795,163 1.6
Washington................. 11,535,055 2.2 128,991 3.7 5,850,632 2.2
West Virginia.............. 1,497,706 2.0 22,202 3.1 688,507 1.8
Wisconsin.................. 7,785,344 2.4 93,009 3.1 3,889,401 2.1
Wyoming.................... 1,647,761 4.4 23,062 8.0 829,955 4.7
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ Based on state level data published on bea.gov, GDP estimates were published on May 1, 2019, compensation estimates were published on March 26, 2019
and employment estimates were published on September 25, 2018.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis.
Table 2. Outdoor Recreation Value-Added by State, Selected Activities, 2017
[Thousands of dollars]
Friday, September 20, 2019
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Conventional All Other
Total Outdoor Outdoor Other Outdoor Amusement Parks/ Festivals/Sporting Game Areas Supporting Government
Recreation Recreation Boating/Fishing RVing Snow Activities Recreation Water Parks Events/Concerts (including Golf Outdoor Expenditures
Activities \1\ Activities Activities and Tennis) Recreation
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
United 427,189,444 130,843,864 20,886,503 16,887,771 5,646,013 82,401,718 11,858,821 14,143,242 18,470,569 191,428,668 22,515,194
States
Alabama 4,133,003 1,513,165 287,174 192,640 17,382 705,054 48,474 37,770 228,052 1,687,077 227,708
Alaska 2,187,367 396,836 99,675 67,133 22,454 251,753 10,309 8,553 33,336 1,426,362 112,417
Arizona 8,654,150 2,198,635 275,125 410,065 33,605 1,604,016 77,969 393,827 406,973 4,316,331 535,168
Arkansas 2,887,050 1,169,862 245,991 125,510 4,871 440,253 36,367 40,479 144,598 1,107,668 169,267
California 52,120,252 14,903,257 1,805,319 1,492,339 652,463 11,103,139 2,463,511 2,017,050 2,261,707 23,183,116 2,930,739
Colorado 11,308,942 3,779,399 319,683 338,657 1,542,589 1,678,724 107,085 330,373 379,270 5,186,972 663,848
Connecticu 3,594,652 1,473,762 280,836 100,671 57,557 742,060 53,472 55,665 247,065 1,203,746 175,083
t
Delaware 1,309,865 316,284 53,390 32,914 4,421 168,869 20,225 11,448 53,363 775,680 49,032
District 1,623,489 182,503 29,630 10,124 2,104 266,267 9,138 144,003 22,579 856,311 318,408
of
Columbia
Florida 42,183,230 8,823,495 2,692,393 936,806 38,143 9,938,871 4,652,634 1,158,660 1,826,905 21,881,235 1,539,629
Georgia 12,319,942 3,565,188 542,342 351,011 20,616 2,178,995 192,305 322,345 566,169 6,081,781 493,978
Hawaii 4,794,590 567,859 127,848 25,590 5,899 651,644 29,675 20,097 181,338 3,357,456 217,630
Idaho 2,328,949 891,370 112,086 168,340 53,062 317,197 29,776 13,234 98,608 998,799 121,584
Illinois 14,725,840 4,059,338 542,627 324,438 38,319 3,296,306 306,325 624,093 680,335 6,424,837 945,360
Indiana 9,658,524 5,193,968 516,539 2,878,685 44,666 1,727,556 96,387 290,061 268,160 2,430,991 306,008
Iowa 3,442,812 1,389,040 139,288 373,661 13,838 722,578 45,760 56,268 164,808 1,159,670 171,523
Kansas 2,918,117 1,019,262 128,938 90,201 11,752 594,558 33,804 21,233 164,844 1,111,376 192,921
Kentucky 4,135,194 1,423,568 177,406 133,018 9,109 782,697 55,870 90,043 174,357 1,707,784 221,144
Louisiana 5,898,325 1,732,372 317,086 232,828 49,347 771,031 61,229 202,510 142,639 2,979,713 415,209
Maine 2,957,847 905,466 248,946 137,428 75,279 277,110 16,847 22,537 94,552 1,694,895 80,376
Maryland 7,058,582 1,929,167 444,438 160,930 38,592 1,198,978 98,341 271,629 273,773 3,125,590 804,847
Massachuse 9,210,427 2,862,275 561,534 166,855 124,803 2,177,186 119,437 477,173 622,702 3,818,889 352,077
tts
Michigan 9,954,756 3,271,515 735,330 488,864 73,329 2,074,983 86,816 327,382 523,178 4,159,714 448,544
Minnesota 9,638,553 3,635,061 631,370 319,703 149,706 1,775,834 119,703 290,706 470,772 3,608,163 619,495
Mississipp 2,629,162 891,794 114,900 101,986 21,077 377,259 24,866 7,477 95,054 1,163,174 196,936
i
Missouri 6,761,351 2,276,350 399,748 253,040 16,152 1,687,485 153,005 447,573 293,834 2,395,916 401,599
Montana 2,381,709 753,790 134,869 132,604 76,189 387,345 13,115 18,072 98,954 1,117,209 123,365
Nebraska 2,273,407 889,006 92,293 65,735 9,300 428,485 22,070 23,684 121,723 835,163 120,753
Nevada 4,462,542 1,109,185 147,494 114,943 40,467 776,603 46,962 143,734 183,061 2,175,122 401,632
New 2,710,336 1,020,325 117,569 110,153 151,646 370,199 47,261 23,696 105,782 1,256,029 63,781
Hampshire
New Jersey 11,222,802 3,252,606 576,794 263,841 94,839 2,135,241 280,278 403,538 469,982 5,417,809 417,146
New Mexico 2,314,310 634,520 58,572 89,462 85,949 244,833 23,108 13,573 67,115 1,206,577 228,380
New York 26,299,866 8,505,481 1,087,834 528,351 173,532 5,329,389 269,502 1,686,377 967,921 10,985,837 1,479,158
North 11,936,052 3,329,353 601,451 351,652 53,031 2,153,456 155,146 509,620 529,178 5,790,064 663,180
Carolina
North 1,208,579 414,008 65,609 58,319 6,244 186,838 7,009 4,440 44,902 480,304 127,429
Dakota
Ohio 10,167,019 3,509,001 495,138 599,483 66,173 2,533,501 304,237 527,545 589,166 3,481,007 643,510
Oklahoma 3,836,530 1,259,053 182,524 235,995 12,636 618,359 48,862 105,046 133,048 1,726,174 232,944
Oregon 6,538,383 2,472,405 298,462 457,202 129,346 887,025 61,760 98,147 215,549 2,797,936 381,017
Pennsylvan 13,173,567 4,300,774 474,598 479,694 230,038 2,993,272 274,095 645,234 716,878 5,339,144 540,377
ia
Rhode 1,391,601 365,212 160,492 21,992 5,296 208,147 12,471 16,883 65,659 760,084 58,159
Island
South 6,853,918 2,162,875 434,601 384,926 6,649 1,014,010 86,955 61,192 364,333 3,352,219 324,815
Carolina
South 1,341,806 457,237 50,800 66,977 12,447 189,748 12,355 9,394 52,305 558,877 135,944
Dakota
Tennessee 7,342,537 2,473,242 596,524 298,012 43,827 1,440,669 145,710 323,178 294,560 3,038,362 390,262
Texas 34,565,594 11,188,472 1,587,775 1,484,522 237,143 5,949,940 643,170 846,453 1,440,466 16,320,292 1,106,890
Utah 5,514,051 1,842,019 192,153 218,329 549,150 871,266 80,599 128,646 250,906 2,398,643 402,122
Vermont 1,468,493 475,685 37,934 42,752 175,855 151,325 4,974 8,404 61,472 804,911 36,572
Virginia 9,285,508 2,394,061 402,411 222,064 23,571 1,524,070 177,989 195,534 398,927 4,661,578 705,799
Washington 11,535,055 3,455,420 662,066 372,139 220,871 2,626,855 85,754 377,657 422,593 4,858,624 594,157
West 1,497,706 451,005 64,201 42,200 24,564 189,716 18,965 7,728 47,311 721,408 135,577
Virginia
Wisconsin 7,785,344 3,422,687 495,037 272,915 76,388 1,546,930 82,615 280,390 368,694 2,477,944 337,782
Wyoming 1,647,761 335,653 39,657 60,069 19,726 134,096 4,533 2,889 41,110 1,024,101 153,910
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ Total outdoor recreation activit[i]es includes core activities, supporting activities, and activities with secondary production that are designated as outdoor recreation.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis.
Table 3. Outdoor Recreation Value-Added by State, Selected Industries, 2017
[Thousands of dollars]
Friday, September 20, 2019
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Finance, insurance,
Total Outdoor Private industries Manufacturing Retail trade real estate, rental, Arts, entertainment, Accomodations and food All other private Government
Recreation Industries and leasing and recreation service industries
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
United States 427,189,444 401,263,550 51,667,166 95,660,596 24,599,990 52,879,893 59,990,341 116,465,567 25,925,894
Alabama 4,133,003 3,868,776 411,126 1,310,458 224,647 315,368 745,847 861,331 264,227
Alaska 2,187,367 1,902,875 133,404 387,089 135,789 138,851 414,822 692,920 284,492
Arizona 8,654,150 8,066,337 360,525 2,116,316 709,129 1,024,244 1,715,235 2,140,887 587,813
Arkansas 2,887,050 2,697,898 559,630 787,842 137,102 207,343 377,154 628,826 189,152
California 52,120,252 48,774,747 5,773,527 10,838,594 2,675,553 7,461,103 6,634,132 15,391,837 3,345,505
Colorado 11,308,942 10,541,979 449,206 2,241,274 878,328 1,788,763 2,150,763 3,033,643 766,963
Connecticut 3,594,652 3,390,193 451,906 982,530 205,969 478,414 402,647 868,727 204,459
Delaware 1,309,865 1,253,257 112,658 430,046 134,604 95,887 316,596 163,466 56,607
District of Columbia 1,623,489 1,274,056 5,714 232,081 44,616 183,978 576,839 230,828 349,433
Florida 42,183,230 40,458,633 1,147,658 7,640,811 3,337,140 8,604,150 9,358,083 10,370,790 1,724,597
Georgia 12,319,942 11,752,952 1,234,272 2,456,209 489,236 1,298,055 1,340,313 4,934,867 566,990
Hawaii 4,794,590 4,547,173 107,705 665,996 238,976 317,556 1,278,773 1,938,168 247,416
Idaho 2,328,949 2,191,639 295,780 695,638 139,219 206,892 325,647 528,461 137,311
Illinois 14,725,840 13,660,892 1,894,583 2,840,819 667,136 1,708,275 1,199,480 5,350,598 1,064,949
Indiana 9,658,524 9,314,465 4,738,520 1,739,953 219,873 705,935 494,850 1,415,334 344,058
Iowa 3,442,812 3,244,711 744,066 896,247 96,639 301,964 294,473 911,324 198,101
Kansas 2,918,117 2,697,547 684,153 684,044 86,645 211,491 322,902 708,312 220,570
Kentucky 4,135,194 3,880,834 712,851 1,102,575 156,872 354,668 473,982 1,079,887 254,359
Louisiana 5,898,325 5,424,409 1,553,033 1,237,542 237,811 459,348 547,295 1,389,382 473,916
Maine 2,957,847 2,867,990 328,022 610,533 401,661 228,192 986,874 312,709 89,857
Maryland 7,058,582 6,155,998 279,759 1,743,814 385,701 813,696 1,193,063 1,739,966 902,584
Massachusetts 9,210,427 8,803,667 982,280 1,940,554 643,326 1,363,963 1,291,584 2,581,961 406,760
Michigan 9,954,756 9,435,579 1,142,187 2,548,301 892,593 1,085,448 1,170,175 2,596,875 519,177
Minnesota 9,638,553 8,949,024 1,843,732 1,956,471 553,258 885,278 656,192 3,054,092 689,529
Mississippi 2,629,162 2,409,268 647,087 739,081 123,513 119,458 319,220 460,910 219,894
Missouri 6,761,351 6,311,424 1,176,775 1,547,960 354,856 968,809 716,288 1,546,737 449,927
Montana 2,381,709 2,245,956 194,459 518,297 140,878 337,060 509,882 545,381 135,754
Nebraska 2,273,407 2,135,018 416,639 546,354 70,117 181,077 255,271 665,560 138,389
Nevada 4,462,542 4,020,274 93,084 1,079,368 218,216 536,725 682,962 1,409,919 442,268
New Hampshire 2,710,336 2,629,758 317,346 757,303 294,166 294,782 602,650 363,511 80,577
New Jersey 11,222,802 10,744,273 901,545 2,736,368 903,195 1,460,630 1,347,769 3,394,764 478,529
New Mexico 2,314,310 2,054,069 122,001 617,224 185,928 176,106 595,921 356,891 260,241
New York 26,299,866 24,434,332 1,687,444 5,635,691 1,745,373 3,616,572 3,091,380 8,657,873 1,865,533
North Carolina 11,936,052 11,181,670 1,513,993 2,798,488 622,800 1,391,631 1,895,312 2,959,448 754,382
North Dakota 1,208,579 1,064,864 74,471 378,362 50,506 79,538 119,321 362,666 143,716
Ohio 10,167,019 9,432,595 1,620,087 2,667,856 397,680 1,518,966 694,283 2,533,724 734,424
Oklahoma 3,836,530 3,568,921 462,148 998,936 197,984 384,577 360,539 1,164,737 267,609
Oregon 6,538,383 6,109,216 561,501 1,568,294 293,692 561,962 1,217,677 1,906,089 429,168
Pennsylvania 13,173,567 12,534,629 1,679,625 3,073,179 865,696 1,978,941 1,239,418 3,697,772 638,938
Rhode Island 1,391,601 1,324,679 91,310 308,017 76,209 163,119 420,202 265,823 66,922
South Carolina 6,853,918 6,487,440 855,561 1,702,804 371,669 560,882 2,061,767 934,756 366,478
South Dakota 1,341,806 1,193,064 86,596 360,369 50,733 93,594 284,198 317,575 148,741
Tennessee 7,342,537 6,912,889 1,031,143 1,832,094 322,063 892,723 1,287,678 1,547,189 429,648
Texas 34,565,594 33,278,498 7,283,778 8,488,429 1,308,366 3,385,750 2,230,830 10,581,345 1,287,097
Utah 5,514,051 5,065,651 441,331 1,353,907 402,922 670,673 849,359 1,347,458 448,400
Vermont 1,468,493 1,422,689 148,923 294,569 231,625 150,214 413,979 183,382 45,803
Virginia 9,285,508 8,470,711 594,651 2,341,920 428,290 961,205 1,548,477 2,596,170 814,797
Washington 11,535,055 10,846,978 1,547,813 2,781,151 506,584 1,059,994 1,344,415 3,607,022 688,077
West Virginia 1,497,706 1,346,611 99,649 463,473 110,069 122,593 251,044 299,782 151,095
Wisconsin 7,785,344 7,402,179 1,966,479 1,636,411 584,357 880,771 742,139 1,592,021 383,165
Wyoming 1,647,761 1,480,264 105,430 348,956 50,680 92,677 640,641 241,878 167,497
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The estimates are based on the 2012 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS).
Source: U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis
Table 4. Outdoor Recreation Employment by State, Selected Industries, 2017
Friday, September 20, 2019
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Finance, insurance,
Total Outdoor Private industries Manufacturing Retail trade real estate, rental, Arts, entertainment, Accomodations and food All other private Government
Recreation Industries and leasing and recreation service industries
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
United States 5,170,670 4,873,294 255,664 1,627,246 51,860 1,035,899 1,087,555 815,069 297,376
Alabama 62,647 58,757 4,167 24,498 536 8,835 13,330 7,391 3,890
Alaska 22,677 20,802 202 6,161 179 3,081 6,645 4,533 1,875
Arizona 108,460 102,631 2,255 33,386 1,437 19,829 30,358 15,366 5,829
Arkansas 39,299 36,950 4,568 13,633 270 6,337 7,141 5,002 2,349
California 588,680 554,550 27,339 169,229 5,490 123,559 116,571 112,362 34,130
Colorado 146,178 136,013 2,645 38,330 2,738 35,010 37,188 20,099 10,165
Connecticut 48,390 46,228 1,496 16,698 579 12,025 7,968 7,461 2,162
Delaware 18,485 17,944 335 7,719 161 2,314 5,995 (D) 541
District of Columbia 23,651 21,312 (D) 3,907 80 1,584 12,889 2,097 2,339
Florida 502,939 488,810 11,068 124,273 4,608 128,529 153,556 66,776 14,129
Georgia 144,203 135,841 8,637 47,227 1,280 25,814 25,229 27,653 8,362
Hawaii 57,584 54,626 484 11,405 472 6,883 22,012 13,370 2,958
Idaho 33,831 32,073 2,053 12,066 363 7,071 6,258 4,262 1,758
Illinois 165,400 147,208 7,662 51,859 1,780 30,073 24,094 31,740 18,192
Indiana 108,535 104,160 35,577 30,163 766 16,089 10,117 11,448 4,375
Iowa 48,185 45,727 7,720 16,970 371 8,950 5,544 6,172 2,458
Kansas 39,776 36,383 3,131 14,636 256 6,805 6,314 5,240 3,392
Kentucky 53,632 50,641 2,939 20,130 499 10,287 8,769 8,017 2,991
Louisiana 59,460 55,079 2,606 21,441 512 8,930 10,134 11,456 4,380
Maine 40,720 39,498 2,441 10,512 597 7,429 15,563 2,956 1,222
Maryland 92,683 86,187 1,549 31,266 875 16,944 22,522 13,031 6,496
Massachusetts 111,609 108,041 4,867 32,757 1,396 25,303 24,730 18,989 3,568
Michigan 126,681 121,266 5,660 46,162 1,527 27,247 21,514 19,156 5,415
Minnesota 101,035 92,390 7,943 33,052 1,206 20,062 12,302 17,825 8,645
Mississippi 33,111 30,956 2,559 14,547 231 3,998 6,150 3,473 2,154
Missouri 91,090 84,360 6,548 31,331 842 18,369 14,432 12,839 6,730
Montana 28,847 27,589 711 8,387 285 6,406 8,132 3,668 1,258
Nebraska 29,863 27,996 2,229 9,785 259 5,876 4,633 5,213 1,868
Nevada 56,940 53,012 615 18,153 495 9,793 14,425 9,532 3,927
New Hampshire 37,818 36,902 1,150 13,022 608 7,952 10,457 3,712 916
New Jersey 139,017 131,008 4,516 47,518 1,551 27,370 25,960 24,092 8,009
New Mexico 33,486 30,883 385 10,933 380 5,423 10,231 3,531 2,603
New York 293,447 274,043 9,046 88,847 2,939 56,551 57,011 59,649 19,404
North Carolina 151,589 143,515 7,472 49,948 1,226 30,102 33,952 20,816 8,074
North Dakota 14,856 12,805 230 5,566 104 2,204 2,378 2,321 2,051
Ohio 137,073 125,846 7,083 49,016 1,579 33,818 14,416 19,932 11,227
Oklahoma 47,096 44,274 2,275 18,058 479 8,933 6,819 7,707 2,821
Oregon 86,529 81,082 5,126 25,744 697 13,440 22,121 13,954 5,447
Pennsylvania 173,588 164,944 8,022 56,906 2,227 45,789 24,452 27,549 8,645
Rhode Island 21,642 21,238 785 5,327 180 4,345 8,126 2,179 404
South Carolina 101,274 96,368 5,726 29,885 697 15,048 36,663 8,351 4,906
South Dakota 18,718 16,873 510 6,242 103 2,893 4,810 2,314 1,845
Tennessee 101,033 95,875 6,233 34,829 876 18,118 23,524 12,293 5,158
Texas 340,798 324,713 14,184 132,757 3,352 68,160 44,093 62,167 16,085
Utah 75,143 68,826 3,833 23,228 980 15,010 14,921 10,856 6,317
Vermont 17,301 16,918 581 5,589 232 2,154 6,649 1,713 383
Virginia 128,407 118,037 2,437 42,158 1,042 24,119 30,251 18,030 10,370
Washington 128,991 121,379 7,209 37,077 1,097 23,622 26,729 25,644 7,611
West Virginia 22,202 20,391 274 9,213 185 3,454 4,944 2,322 1,812
Wisconsin 93,009 89,052 8,378 29,528 1,148 21,389 14,157 14,451 3,957
Wyoming 23,062 21,291 (D) 6,172 90 2,572 10,375 (D) 1,772
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(D) Data are suppressed to avoid disclosure of confidential information.
The estimates are based on the 2012 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS).
Source: U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis.
Table 5. Outdoor Recreation Compensation by State, Selected Industries, 2017
[Thousands of dollars]
Friday, September 20, 2019
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Finance, insurance,
Total Outdoor Private industries Manufacturing Retail trade real estate, rental, Arts, entertainment, Accomodations and food All other private Government
Recreation Industries and leasing and recreation service industries
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
United States 213,440,905 190,850,673 17,941,414 49,803,996 3,804,191 36,203,459 31,125,464 51,972,151 22,590,232
Alabama 2,083,927 1,836,504 167,396 656,008 35,002 206,113 383,589 388,396 247,424
Alaska 1,030,701 855,609 13,367 202,798 10,053 100,387 202,056 326,951 175,091
Arizona 4,327,385 3,911,667 171,258 1,033,321 87,207 748,683 881,278 989,922 415,717
Arkansas 1,390,053 1,234,191 228,658 380,557 15,676 155,889 196,088 257,324 155,862
California 27,383,466 24,223,717 2,139,669 5,804,727 429,890 5,275,931 3,432,888 7,140,612 3,159,749
Colorado 5,963,912 5,294,002 186,924 1,200,145 210,520 1,269,076 1,098,658 1,328,679 669,910
Connecticut 1,923,607 1,756,921 163,870 523,014 68,330 339,726 213,537 448,444 166,686
Delaware 611,026 570,365 25,609 222,975 10,668 62,596 169,369 76,035 40,661
District of Columbia 977,279 751,938 (D) 128,943 6,099 137,529 338,136 (D) 225,341
Florida 20,690,183 19,566,765 529,000 3,982,411 298,301 5,411,340 4,720,704 4,625,008 1,123,418
Georgia 6,274,833 5,687,701 541,765 1,392,935 92,768 849,054 708,207 2,102,973 587,132
Hawaii 2,437,813 2,237,381 27,906 351,466 26,970 217,816 668,783 944,442 200,432
Idaho 1,182,979 1,071,911 123,291 379,802 19,116 161,860 172,278 215,563 111,069
Illinois 7,737,696 6,571,896 731,439 1,547,051 178,949 1,197,759 653,786 2,262,912 1,165,800
Indiana 4,486,832 4,236,457 1,955,843 853,596 52,943 475,626 262,233 636,216 250,375
Iowa 1,634,494 1,474,390 342,683 459,026 26,988 193,816 152,537 299,340 160,103
Kansas 1,425,887 1,238,015 215,912 410,667 19,322 149,186 173,319 269,609 187,872
Kentucky 1,973,149 1,771,477 207,078 528,650 38,676 301,065 244,352 451,655 201,673
Louisiana 2,588,692 2,263,917 294,475 613,824 34,860 322,617 285,247 712,896 324,775
Maine 1,373,098 1,293,114 157,644 313,821 34,284 182,207 478,538 126,619 79,984
Maryland 3,746,066 3,167,505 118,826 935,491 69,292 601,959 633,175 808,763 578,561
Massachusetts 4,907,443 4,546,628 487,878 1,056,129 111,983 958,112 693,052 1,239,475 360,815
Michigan 4,755,614 4,419,974 412,051 1,363,076 100,435 827,337 600,975 1,116,101 335,640
Minnesota 4,505,794 3,945,849 646,592 969,545 103,269 643,558 333,420 1,249,465 559,945
Mississippi 1,119,665 984,995 162,806 376,121 12,568 88,970 167,905 176,625 134,670
Missouri 3,586,118 3,203,870 462,395 891,515 57,478 700,363 380,455 711,664 382,248
Montana 1,068,201 978,075 55,391 256,506 13,520 198,144 250,047 204,467 90,125
Nebraska 1,095,738 985,653 168,047 288,977 20,613 127,509 132,343 248,163 110,085
Nevada 2,239,107 1,961,778 37,992 556,264 29,493 294,709 385,311 658,010 277,329
New Hampshire 1,315,354 1,255,150 120,739 399,670 38,796 198,070 299,392 198,483 60,205
New Jersey 6,070,879 5,380,208 361,543 1,523,860 139,805 1,032,284 722,952 1,599,764 690,671
New Mexico 1,167,986 966,658 27,915 325,587 22,621 126,951 303,237 160,347 201,328
New York 14,178,838 12,108,598 702,857 3,093,606 244,301 2,314,439 1,618,258 4,135,136 2,070,240
North Carolina 5,758,490 5,212,748 434,113 1,411,882 82,776 1,034,961 979,248 1,269,768 545,743
North Dakota 542,894 449,310 19,467 174,464 6,340 54,058 64,121 130,861 93,585
Ohio 5,348,251 4,529,076 484,790 1,365,860 130,263 1,070,871 365,465 1,111,828 819,174
Oklahoma 1,793,835 1,594,219 129,849 526,156 33,557 272,265 188,872 443,519 199,616
Oregon 3,583,571 3,180,745 274,546 860,625 44,450 374,616 633,061 993,446 402,826
Pennsylvania 6,826,124 6,021,655 617,055 1,553,903 164,706 1,415,369 643,184 1,627,438 804,469
Rhode Island 748,122 710,837 39,611 171,309 13,368 121,237 228,240 124,185 37,284
South Carolina 3,466,434 3,154,607 384,565 869,506 41,835 358,725 1,073,339 426,636 311,827
South Dakota 615,661 520,305 35,646 176,065 5,796 59,883 138,167 104,746 95,356
Tennessee 3,707,056 3,375,504 374,536 988,271 57,641 589,153 662,672 703,232 331,551
Texas 14,285,680 13,073,825 1,267,875 3,940,372 248,482 2,286,128 1,161,087 4,169,882 1,211,855
Utah 2,844,732 2,539,561 229,323 726,438 67,217 448,569 438,367 629,647 305,171
Vermont 612,583 580,133 44,766 175,469 13,435 56,407 205,948 84,109 32,449
Virginia 4,795,163 4,106,889 146,074 1,202,353 70,598 694,592 831,889 1,161,383 688,274
Washington 5,850,632 5,153,886 537,080 1,375,660 73,490 711,594 727,135 1,728,927 696,746
West Virginia 688,507 600,895 19,219 242,725 9,992 81,427 134,336 113,192 87,612
Wisconsin 3,889,401 3,591,160 886,836 830,992 74,788 634,183 376,684 787,679 298,240
Wyoming 829,955 702,435 (D) 189,858 4,664 68,739 317,546 (D) 127,520
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(D) Data are suppressed to avoid disclosure of confidential information.
The estimates are based on the 2012 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS).
Source: U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis
______
Submitted Article by Hon. Chellie Pingree, a Representative in Congress
from Maine
[GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]
Unsung champs of carbon capture, small Maine woodlots can have big
impact
https://www.pressherald.com/2019/09/17/unsung-champs-of-carbon-capture-
small-maine-woodlots-can-have-big-impact/
Posted September 17
Updated September 17
Fires in the Amazon this summer have increased global
awareness of the role of rainforests in tempering climate
change. Less appreciated is the carbon storage capacity of
forests like Maine's.
By Tux Turkel (https://www.pressherald.com/author/tux-turkel), Staff
Writer
[GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]
Denny Gallaudet has been harvesting his woodlot in Cumberland
for 40 years, mostly for firewood to heat his home, but has
changed his management techniques to reduce carbon loss from
the carbon-rich soil and carbon-banking trees. Derek Davis/
Staff Photographer.
This story is part of Covering Climate Now, a global
collaboration of more than 220 news outlets to strengthen
coverage of the climate story.
Cumberland--The big, old pine isn't good for much, at least not
financially. A legacy tree from 75 years ago when the rolling woodlands
in this Portland suburb were hayfields, it's a landmark on Denny
Gallaudet's 25 acre woodlot, its spindly, branch-studded trunk reaching
like fingers toward the sky.
[GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]
A logging contractor might suggest felling it for softwood chips.
But to Gallaudet, the misshapen pine has a higher value. By his
calculations, it's storing roughly 6 metric tons of carbon as it grows,
keeping heat-trapping carbon dioxide out of Earth's warming atmosphere.
Fires in the Amazon this summer have increased awareness of the
role of rain forests in blunting climate change. Less appreciated is
the carbon storage capacity of northern temperate forests, like the one
covering most of Maine.
Now Gallaudet, who's leading a team at Sierra Club Maine, is trying
to figure out how the state's small woodlot owners can be encouraged to
manage their land not only for income, wildlife and recreation, but to
maximize carbon sequestration. Together, these local forests have the
potential to become a world-class carbon sink, Gallaudet and other
activists say.
America's northern forest covers roughly 176 million acres and its
growth has been increasing, according to the most recent USDA survey,
in part because of reduced timber harvesting for the region's
contracted paper industry. By some measures, today's forest is soaking
up 1 to 2 tons of carbon per acre every year.
As the state with the highest percentage of forest land in the
nation, Maine is a critical vault in this carbon bank, removing and
storing 1.4 pounds of carbon (https://www.mdf.org/wp-content/uploads/
2019/04/MOG-FullReport2019-FNL.pdf) for every pound emitted by burning
fossil fuels. Put another way, 5.5 acres of forest (https://
www.epa.gov/energy/greenhouse-gas-equivalencies-calculator) can capture
the annual emissions from one passenger car, according to the
Environmental Protection Agency.
But Gallaudet believes the small landowners who control 40 percent
of Maine's 17.6 million acres are in a unique position to do more.
Collectively, they could substantially offset the CO2
emitted each year in Maine from cars, factories and energy production.
Transformational Tactics
To get there, many small owners would need to change the way they
manage their land and embrace the practices of low-impact forestry.
They'll have to leave more big, carbon-banking trees standing, like
Gallaudet's old pine, as well as more dead trees. After a harvest,
they'll need to leave more limbs and branches on the forest floor. Both
will emit carbon, of course, but slowly, as they decay over time.
Landowners also will need to employ logging methods that have less
impact on the soil, where a surprising 50 percent carbon is stored. And
in some instances, for some trees, they just shouldn't do any cutting.
In the long run, this transformation will require changes in
government policies and perhaps modifications to the nascent markets
that offer financial rewards for storing carbon, so small owners can
see value from carbon storage, just as they do from pulp, chips or saw
logs.
Right now, those financial incentives are largely absent for small
woodlots, which in Maine tend to be less than 500 acres.
``We've struggled to find a way for small owners to participate in
the carbon market,'' said Tom Doak, executive director of Maine
Woodland Owners, whose members own a total of 500,000 acres. ``We've
looked at this for years and so far can't make the numbers work.''
But simply increasing awareness of how forests store carbon, Doak
said, can lead owners to make changes.
``There is an educational role,'' he said.
Earning Credit for Carbon
One example is an upcoming presentation (http://www.mofga.org/The-
Fair/Schedule) on carbon-capture forestry techniques, Sept. 21 at the
Common Ground Fair. It will be led by Peter Hagerty, who serves on a
low-impact forestry committee with the Maine Organic Farmers and
Gardeners Association and logs 100 acres of woodland with draft horses.
Hagerty said one challenge in making the transition will be for
landowners and policy makers to agree on the science behind carbon-
friendly harvesting techniques and not see it as a threat to jobs and
traditional logging.
``I'm hopeful that the forest industry in Maine can adapt,'' he
said.
Carbon Cycle
[GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]
Source: Minnesota Board of Soil and Water Resources, Staff
Graphic D Michael Fisher.
Managing woodlands for carbon capture isn't an entirely new idea.
Some leading environmental groups with a presence in Maine, as well as
the Passamaquoddy Tribe, have been pioneers in what's known as the
carbon offsets markets.
Based largely in California, these markets (https://
californiacarbon.info/) require a landowner to maintain a certified
level of carbon storage, typically for 100 years. In exchange, they get
a given price-per-ton, which recently stood around $15. That's
comparable to what they might get paid for stumpage, or timber sales.
The credits are sold under what's called a cap-and-trade arrangement
with utilities or petroleum companies, which buy them to offset their
emissions and meet state mandates.
In 2012, the Downeast Lakes Land Trust (https://downeastlakes.org/
the-finite-carbon-lyme-grand-lake-stream-improved-forest-management-
project/) completed the nation's first carbon credit sale. It finished
a second project in 2016, earning millions of dollars to buy additional
land for its conservation objectives around Grand Lake Stream. Similar
sales have been done by the Appalachian Mountain Club and The Nature
Conservancy. These projects total more than 200,000 acres.
Maine's large, commercial timberland owners so far haven't embraced
this model. In 2017, the Keeping Maine's Forest collaborative group
surveyed several land managers and found that while they had explored
the California market, they are holding off for now.
The group's report (https://crsf.umaine.edu/wp-content/uploads/
sites/214/2017/03/Carbon-Markets-in-Maine.pdf) found: ``While the up-
front payout from carbon credits can be substantial and a good way to
diversify income from forest land, the land managers found the costs,
risks, and the 100 year commitment required by carbon projects not
worthwhile at current credit prices.''
These cost and time commitments present major hurdles for small
owners. Gallaudet, a former bank President, estimated it would cost him
$15,000 to have his woodlot's carbon storage certified to meet
California standards, or even the less-valuable Regional Greenhouse Gas
Initiative standards in the Northeast.
``To my knowledge,'' Gallaudet said, ``there are no lead certifiers
in Maine either for California or RGGI. If small Maine landowners chose
to forgo timber sales in favor of banking carbon, they currently have
no way of monetizing the value they are creating in the form of
sequestered metric tons of CO2.''
Careful Stewardship
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Denny Gallaudet uses low-impact forestry techniques to
preserve as much of his woodlot's carbon storage as he can. He
estimates his 25 acre lot has 39 tons of carbon per acre stored
in its trees. Derek Davis/Staff Photographer.
Gallaudet changed his management practices voluntarily; he thinks
it's the right thing to do. He worked with a forestry consultant, who
helped with the details. On a recent tour of his woodlot, Gallaudet
highlighted some of the techniques he's using.
Gallaudet's old farm includes a mixed stand of softwoods such as
pine and hemlock, and hardwoods including, oak, maple and birch. The
land is hilly and bisected by a small brook.
Protecting the soil is a top priority. Gallaudet cuts four cords of
firewood each year to help heat his home, and occasional saw logs, if a
stand gets crowded. He uses a small Massey Ferguson tractor with rubber
tires that don't chew up the forest floor. He works when it's dry in
the fall. Shallow ruts are barely visible below the leaf litter, along
an opening where he pulled out logs using a skidding winch mounted on
the rear.
Entering the woodlot, dappled sunlight lit the forest. Overhead,
Gallaudet pointed to the tree canopy. He's careful not to cut too many
trees in one place, which would let the soil dry out.
During a conventional logging operation on a family woodlot, it's
not unusual to clean up the branches and limbs left over from a
harvest, to open the forest floor. Maybe they're sold to be burned in a
biomass energy plant. Gallaudet keeps the slash, taking the time to
create brush piles here and there across his land. They'll decompose
slowly, providing homes for wildlife today and, in time, nutrients for
the forest.
Future Possibilities
On a knoll, orange flagging tape is tied around trees in a sample
plot, noting trunks more than 4" in diameter. That's a first step in
estimating the volume or weight of a tree and how much carbon a forest
can store, based on its species and other factors. Carbon calculators,
(https://fsht.org/forestcarbonproject/forestcarbonproject-calculator/)
such as one linked on the website of the Francis Small Heritage Trust
in Limerick, make the task easier.
Big hardwoods are denser and store the most carbon. Older stands
capture more than new growth. Gallaudet's calculations show that his
woodlot holds roughly 39 tons of carbon per acre, nearly eight times
the carbon footprint of his home and small farm.
Maine small landowners could join forces to maximize carbon storage
and combine their acreage to take advantage of the offset markets, at
least in theory. But the existing markets don't recognize so-called
aggregation, so Sierra Club Maine and other advocates will be looking
at other options in the months ahead.
One idea could be to expand Maine's Tree Growth Tax, the 47 year
old law that reduces property taxes for owners who keep at least 10
acres in commercial timberland. But there are high financial penalties
for removing land from the program, and Doak said the rules are
constantly under assault by interest groups trying to modify them. He
wonders if the Farm and Open Space Tax law, which values land at less
than fair market value if certain requirements are met, might be a
better vehicle.
Another model could be the credits that some major corporations use
to offset their power consumption, by getting a percentage of their
energy from wind power, for instance. Hagerty foresees the possibility
of Maine companies partnering with small woodlot owners, buying local
credits to offset their carbon footprint.
``In a state where people know each other well, that could be
possible,'' he said.
______
Submitted Letter by Hon. Kim Schrier, a Representative in Congress from
Washington
April 1, 2019
Hon. Betty McCollum,
Chairwoman,
House Appropriations Subcommittee on Interior, Environment, and
Related Agencies,
Washington, D.C.;
Hon. David Joyce,
Ranking Minority Member,
House Appropriations Subcommittee on Interior, Environment, and
Related Agencies,
Washington, D.C.
Dear Chairwoman McCollum and Ranking Member Joyce:
I am writing requesting your support for watershed restoration and
addressing backlogs of road and trail maintenance on our National
Forests by appropriating $50 million in funding for the Forest Service
Legacy Roads and Trails Remediation Program (CMLG).
Since its authorization in FY 2008, the Legacy Roads and Trails
program has significantly enhanced the Forest Service's ability to
address key problems associated with its aging and poorly maintained
road system. This includes repairing roads and trails needed for public
access, replacing failed or undersized culverts to improve aquatic
passage and retire unneeded roads to prevent sediment pollution from
entering waterways important for salmon, trout, and other aquatic
species. The program delivers funds to address road problems in real
time, which enables the Forest Service to efficiently plan, design, and
implement restoration treatments. It is a critical tool for leveraging
non-Federal funds resulting in stronger projects and enhanced community
engagement. And because funds primarily go to actual work on the
ground, Legacy Roads and Trails creates high wage jobs for contractors,
including those who specialize in stream restoration, environmental
design, and heavy equipment operation.
From 2008-2018, this unique bipartisan program has invested over
$430 million to the following tangible and accountable results on our
National Forest watersheds:
Maintained and/or storm-proofed 18,057 miles of needed
roads, helping Americans get where they wish to go on Forest
Service lands;
Reclaimed 7,053 miles of unneeded roads, preventing sediment
from entering streams, many of which supply drinking water to
rural and urban towns and cities;
Replaced 1,030 culverts restoring fish passage to 1,671
miles of habitat, aiding the recovery of fish species important
to restoration goals, Tribal communities and sportfishing
enthusiasts;
Improved 5,020 miles of trails, keeping the $535 million
National Forest recreation industry going strong;
Created or maintained 697-1,115 jobs annually across the
nation, bringing dollars and jobs into rural communities;
Saved America's taxpayers $3.5 million per year in road
maintenance costs, promoting a more sustainable Forest Service
road system in the future.
In Washington, D.C. we've seen an interest in rebuilding America's
infrastructure. During these conversations we ask that you encourage
your colleagues to consider the proven track record of success from the
Legacy Roads and Trails program as a model. The program helps adapt the
road system to a more manageable size over time, reducing fiscal and
environmental burdens and enabling the Forest Service to ensure better
and more reliable access. It focuses on the key areas where projects
improve up and downstream connections for salmon, improve water quality
and ensure road/trail resilience in a changing climate. It's a simple
solution to a formidable problem. But it needs funding to succeed.
FY19 was the first year that the Legacy Roads and Trail program was
not specifically funded despite making a difference for Forest Service
watersheds, fish habitat, recreational infrastructure and local jobs
for a decade.
We ask for your support of the program by reinstating Legacy Roads
and Trails as a separate line item in the Fiscal Year (FY) 2020
Interior-Environment Appropriations Bill with a $50M allocation. This
is a small down payment on the growing problem impacting how people
access and experience public lands.
Sincerely,
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Hon. Kim Schrier.
______
Submitted Questions
Response from Lenise Lago, Associate Chief, U.S. Forest Service, U.S.
Department of Agriculture
Questions Submitted by Hon. Abigail Davis Spanberger, a Representative
in Congress from Virginia
Question 1. Associate Chief Lago, how does the Forest Service
calculate and classify deferred maintenance?
Answer. The Forest Service determines deferred maintenance for each
asset based on condition assessments conducted at different intervals
depending on the asset. During these assessments, staff collects
information on maintenance and repair needs. Condition surveys for most
assets are performed on a 5 year revolving schedule, except for road
bridges. Road bridges are required to be inspected every 2 years in
accordance with the National Bridge Inspection Standards. Deferred
maintenance for National Forest System (NFS) roads for passenger cars
is determined bi-annually from a random sample. Deferred maintenance
for high clearance/closed roads is not reported at this time.
Question 2. The Forest Service periodically assesses the condition
of its assets in order to estimate deferred maintenance. Please provide
detail on how the agency conducts these assessments, including whether
they differ for the various asset classes (e.g., roads versus
facilities) and the frequency of the assessments.
Answer. The procedures to conduct condition assessments varies
between assets. The assessments occur as follows:
Facilities--Assessments are generally done every 5 years.
Assessments are conducted following the enclosed guidance (see
Facilities Condition Assessment Field Training Guide [see
Attachment 1]);
Roads--A random sample of road segments is surveyed every 2
years using the Deferred Maintenance Protocols for Roads
(enclosed [see Attachment 2]); and
Road Bridges--Inspection reports are done every 2 years as
required by the National Bridge Inspection Standards. Detailed
procedures on how to conduct these inspections can be found in
the Bridge Inspection Guide (BIG).
Trails--A random sample of 1% of Forest Service trails that
are Trail Class 1-4 are assessed each year via the Trail
Assessment and Condition Surveys. All Class 5 trails, those
that are most highly developed, are surveyed every 5 years.
Question 3. The Forest Service receives funding to address deferred
maintenance from several sources. They include discretionary accounts
(e.g., Capital Improvement and Maintenance), mandatory appropriations
(e.g., recreation fees), and other agencies (e.g., the Federal Highway
Administration). Please identify all sources of funding that are used
for deferred maintenance, and the total from all funding sources used
in FY 2018.
Answer. The Forest Service uses different sources of funding to
address deferred maintenance including direct appropriations to the
Capital Improvement and Maintenance account, and external allocations
from the Federal Highway Administration's Federal Lands Transportation
Program and Federal Lands Access Program. The Agency also uses
partnerships to accomplish some of the deferred maintenance work
including cost-share agreements with counties and states, volunteer
work on trail improvement, and via the Good Neighbor Authority. Total
spending from all sources was approximately $230 million in 2018 to
address deferred maintenance directly.
Question 4. Associate Chief Lago, can you speak to the role
individual forests, regional foresters, and headquarters will play in
prioritizing maintenance projects moving forward?
Answer. Prioritization of routine maintenance, including annual
maintenance, and small non-recurring maintenance projects will continue
to be identified, prioritized and managed at the forest level with the
Regional Forester providing guidance and allocating funding based on
the Agency's priorities. The role of the Washington Office is to
communicate agency priorities and develop national policies and
standards to help determine where appropriated dollars should be
allocated for deferred maintenance projects that target larger agency
goals.
Question 5. In the past, Forest Service has needed to transfer
funds from other accounts to help cover the costs of wildfire
suppression. The wildfire funding fix, however, is intended to
eliminate some of the need for fire transfer and is set to take effect
in FY 2020. Has fire transfer affected the Forest Service's ability to
address maintenance needs? If so, in what ways might the wildfire
funding fix alleviate those concerns?
Answer. In the past, funds for maintenance were transferred to
firefighting efforts usually during the summer season, which is also
the time that most of the Agency's maintenance activities are scheduled
to occur, when there are an increased number of seasonal staff for
oversight of activities and favorable weather conditions. When fire
transfers from capital maintenance accounts occurred, planned
maintenance activities were deferred to the following year continuing
the never-ending cycle of deferring maintenance. The wildland fire
suppression funding fix should allow maintenance projects to proceed as
planned, allowing for less deferred maintenance to accumulate.
Question 6. How can the Forest Service enhance public-private
partnerships to address deferred maintenance projects? What is the
staffing level assigned to work on public-private partnerships, how has
that changed in recent years, and is the current staffing level
sufficient to foster and manage additional partnerships?
Answer. With a $5.2 billion deferred maintenance backlog, the
Forest Service recognizes new approaches are needed to address deferred
maintenance and infrastructure priorities on NFS lands. The Agency is
placing a major emphasis on building capacity for public-private
partnerships, with partnership coordinators assigned to every Forest
Service region, and an increasing number of National Forests
designating specific partnership positions. While we do face staffing
capacity challenges due to a workforce that has migrated into wildland
fire related work, partnerships are increasingly important to
accomplish our mission.
Trails maintenance is already highly leveraged within the Forest
Service to maximize maintenance and infrastructure funds. Furthermore,
the Forest Service engages a robust volunteer community that annually
contributes 4.7 million hours of work valued at $120,000,000 with the
help of 110,000 individuals.
Limited capacity to meet competing priorities continues to
challenge the Forest Service to find new ways to meet the needs of an
aging infrastructure. Conservation finance, through Pay for Success and
other funding models, has proven promising in recent pilot projects, as
a way of bringing private sector funding to local recreation projects.
Growing our skills and staffs in partnership collaboration will allow
us to foster new and innovative ways to accomplish work. For example, a
collaborative of local governments in Athens County, Ohio, industry
partners, nonprofits, Quantified Ventures and the Wayne National Forest
are funding sustainable recreation infrastructure by introducing the
first-ever Outdoor Recreation Environmental Impact Bond. Together, the
partners are developing the 88 mile Baileys Trail System on the Wayne
National Forest to revitalize the rural economy of southeast Ohio. The
Baileys Trail System will utilize a mix of new and existing trail
infrastructure on and adjacent to the National Forest to provide new
access to public lands and create new jobs within the Athens County
tourism industry. The Forest Service has partnered with the U.S.
Endowment for Forestry and Communities to implement a grant fund that
hopes to replicate the Baileys Trail System model, among other types of
conservation finance projects, in additional communities that rely on
the National Forest System.
Questions Submitted by Hon. Marcia L. Fudge, a Representative in
Congress from Ohio
Question 1. Ms. Lago, what are the existing pathways for hiring Job
Corps students into the Forest Service?
Answer. The Forest Service is committed to connecting our Job Corps
Civilian Conservation Centers directly to our mission and continuously
improving the performance of our centers and our student outcomes. The
current pathways for hiring our Job Corps students include:
Public Lands Corps Act. The Public Land Corps (PLC) allows
any student completing 640 hours of special conservation
project work under a Natural Resource Agency to apply for a
merit vacancy announcement (open to current Federal employees
and others with competitive eligibility) for up to 2 years upon
program completion. Eligible candidates can be selected for
permanent positions and are provided career-conditional
appointments.
Pathways Program. Students attending any of our five
accredited Job Corps Centers may qualify for the Pathways
special hiring authority if their specific trades align with an
applicable Forest Service position. A student selected under
the Pathways Intern Program must complete 640 paid work hours
and additional training upon Job Corps graduation to be
eligible for conversion into a permanent or Term Forest Service
position. The 640 hours must be performed on a unit-school
program hours do not count toward eligibility. In addition,
students who have completed an accredited trades program within
the last 2 years or are within 9 months of graduation may be
selected under the Pathways Recent Graduate Program for a
Forest Service position. Those who have not yet graduated will
be appointed upon graduation.
Schedule A or Veterans Recruitment Action (VRA). Students
who qualify for Schedule A (disability hiring) or VRA may be
hired non-competitively, by applying to a vacancy announcement
or other recruitment avenues, such as non-competitive direct
appointment.
Direct Hire Authority for Firefighters. On August 8, 2019,
the Office of Personnel Management authorized the Forest
Service to use a direct hire authority to assist in meeting
critical hiring needs in support of the FY 2020 wildland
firefighting season. This authority enables the Forest Service
to streamline the hiring process for permanent and temporary
firefighting positions. Every civilian conservation center
supports a wildland fire program, training students to serve as
firefighters. Eligible, qualifying students can be hired
directly upon graduation into Federal firefighter positions.
Question 1a. What does that process look like for a Job Corps
student?
Answer. Every center has a student advisor who assists students in
creating their resumes and applying for positions under the PLC
authority or any other authority they qualify for when applying for a
Forest Service job. To date, the PLC program has resulted in over 200
students completing internships that led to receiving a non-competitive
hiring authority preference. Of those students, approximately 20 have
been placed into permanent, full-time positions with the Forest
Service.
Question 1b. Are students made aware of opportunities within the
Forest Service?
Answer. Yes. Students who are interested in Forest Service careers
learn about those opportunities through the Job Corps Program. Students
compete for internship opportunities with the Forest Service, and if
they are successful, they complete a 4 month work experience and
receive non-competitive application preference status. This status
gives students a competitive advantage for permanent Forest Service
positions.
Question 2. You mentioned that the Forest Service is interested in
working with OPM to create a direct hiring authority for Job Corps
students. What is the status of this effort currently?
Answer. The Forest Service Job Corps National Office is working to
assemble and approve the appropriate materials through USDA and OPM
that will provide:
Direct hiring authority for Job Corps graduates under the
Public Land Corps Authority that is similar to the direct
hiring authority available for Resource Assistants.
Special hiring authority for Job Corps graduates that is
similar to the special hiring authority for AmeriCorps and
Peace Corps.
Question 3. What activities are Civilian Conservation Corps
students trained to assist with? How does that help to reduce the
deferred maintenance backlog?
Answer. Student trades include a variety of construction,
information technology, and natural resource trades. Construction
trades include carpentry, facilities maintenance, masonry, bricklaying,
painting, welding, operation of heavy equipment, and floor-covering.
Center students perform work on their local unit. In the last 2 years,
this work has contributed a total of almost $3 million in deferred
maintenance projects.
Question 4. You mentioned that the Forest Service is interested in
expanding the conservation trades to all of the Job Corps centers. When
do you expect to make that expansion? What impact could that have on
the deferred maintenance backlog?
Answer. Currently ten trades directly align with Forest Service
conservation work, including forestry, fire suppression, and dispatch.
The Forest Service is working to increase the alignment through an
expansion of conservation-related training curricula. Centers will also
work directly with their local National Forests to fully integrate
their curricula into the Forest's annual program of work. In addition,
each Center will be represented on their local National Forest's
leadership team and will participate in the planning of work for the
districts in their forest. Students will take part in work-based
learning on National Forests and in communities, including facilities
maintenance. The value of these projects could eventually add up to
millions of dollars but will still be far less than what would be
needed to appreciably slow the growth of deferred maintenance across
the agency.
We welcome the opportunity to update the Committee on our efforts
to strengthen Job Corps.
Question Submitted by Hon. Tom O'Halleran, a Representative in Congress
from Arizona
Question. In Arizona, road and trail repair needs account for
nearly 50% of the deferred maintenance backlog on Federal lands. Lack
of road and trail access to Federal public lands reduces visitation and
limits opportunities for recreation, impacting the economy of gateway
communities. Understanding this, our local governments have stepped up
to play their part in maintaining roads and other access points. 70% of
the 2,100 vehicles using Lake Mary road each day are due to
recreational traffic. For nearly a century, Coconino county has
maintained this road through a combination of funds, including local
taxes. Has the Forest Service explored similar partnerships with local
governments and does the forest service see this or other existing
partnerships as potential models for tackling deferred maintenance?
Answer. The cooperative road maintenance agreement as described
above is widely used on Forest Service transportation systems across
the country. This mechanism is actively used and promoted to allow
other public entities to participate in maintenance of routes critical
to local communities. Other methods of public-public partnerships are
also employed and encouraged by the Forest Service. One example of
these partnerships is the agreement between the Tennessee Valley
Authority (TVA) and the Forest Service under which TVA performs
inspections of Forest Service road bridges to meet the requirement
under the National Bridge Inspection Standards for a quality assurance
check of Forest Service road bridges by an external agency.
Questions Submitted by Hon. Chellie Pingree, a Representative in
Congress from Maine
Question 1. The Forest Service has an FY 2020 list of 25 Land and
Water Conservation Fund priority projects for acquisition, and 22 for
Forest Legacy. These projects would likely be funded under anticipated
appropriations for next year, but the agency has unmet needs beyond the
current list of projects. Based on need alone, how many acquisition and
Forest Legacy projects would the agency need to pursue? Can your agency
quantify the backlog, and say how many projects beyond the list could
improve management and reduce costs, if LWCF was more fully funded?
Answer. Each year, Forest Legacy Program (FLP) projects are
selected through a two-stage competitive process. The first stage is
state-level identification and approval. After a project is selected at
the state level, the second stage is a national level project review
conducted by a panel of representatives from states participating in
the FLP and the Forest Service. This two-stage process results in high-
quality projects that are supported both locally and nationally.
For FY 2020, 36 projects, with a total request of $123 million,
were submitted for consideration through the FLP. Some of these
projects received funding when FY 2019 appropriations were enacted,
while some of the proposed projects were no longer viable.
Maine has been an active participant in the FLP at 741,000 acres.
In terms of funds, Maine has received $76,061,534, which is second only
to Montana, which has received $77,405,533.
For land acquisition, the Forest Service works with a variety of
non-governmental organizations and willing sellers from the general
public. In Fiscal Year 2020, Congress appropriated $57,639,000 for
purchase of lands from willing sellers in 18 states. The acquisition
projects are prioritized based on: (1) the significance of the
acquisition; (2) the urgency of the acquisition; (3) management
efficiencies; (4) management cost savings; (5) geographic distribution;
(6) threats to the integrity of the land; and (7) the recreational
value of the land. The Forest Service's nine regions hold competitions
to cull the projects from units within the region's National Forests
and Grasslands, then submit top projects to the Washington Office (WO)
for a national competition. The WO competition results in a smaller
list of projects that is submitted to Congress, which determines the
amount of appropriations for the projects.
Question 2. Based on budget documents that I have received from
USDA, I understand the Forest Service spent $3.3 million on the climate
hubs in 2016, which I think is great, but the 2019 estimate is
$400,000. Given the challenges that we are dealing with, why is there
such a big drop, and do you see those as a valuable part of what you
are doing?
Answer. In FY 2016, the Forest Service allocated $3.3 million for
Climate Hubs. The Forest Service allocated $1.85 million per year for
both FY 2017 and FY 2018. In FY 2019, Climate Hub allocation was $1.665
million and has been budgeted to remain at this level for FY 2020. The
funding drop is reflective of prioritization of urgent forest
restoration program and project work. However, the agency continues to
support many important initiatives through our multiple Research and
Development programs.
Questions Submitted by Hon. Cynthia Axne, a Representative in Congress
from Iowa
Question 1. The Forest Service supplies water for agriculture and
communities and is a major economic driver for many forest dependent
communities. In fact, National Forest System lands are the nation's
largest source of municipal drinking water supply, serving more than 66
million people. Ms. Lago, please speak to the importance of these
systems to the environment, public health, and safety. Can you speak to
the current condition of Forest Service water systems?
Answer. The Forest Service continues to foster conditions for
clean, abundant water to help ensure the productive and sustainable use
of National Forest System lands. The Agency emphasizes reforestation
and revegetation efforts. Restoring ecosystems ensures that vital
amenities, such as clean water, are available to society. In FY 2018,
the Agency targeted investments in the National Best Management
Practices Program to improve tools to meet agency requirements under
the Clean Water Act and other statutes to protect clean water. The
program made advancements to increase the speed and accuracy of use and
sharing of data with state water quality agencies, the Environmental
Protection Agency, and other partners.
The Forest Service owns and operates over 4,700 drinking water
systems, of which over 30% are in poor or fair condition. Thirty-six
percent of all drinking water systems are more than 50 years old with
escalating repair costs every year. With a current water system
deferred maintenance backlog of $93 million, the impact of not
addressing this will affect the ability for the public and employees to
access recreation facilities, fire, administration and other
facilities.
Question 2. We recognize that restoration and maintenance of our
National Forests can be a source of long-term, sustainable jobs in
rural communities. Studies have indicated that for every $1 million
spent on forest watershed restoration, 14.5 jobs can be generated. Can
you provide references to studies documenting the impact of
infrastructure improvements on jobs?
Answer. Federal agencies examined job contributions of
infrastructure improvements with the American Recovery and Reinvestment
Act of 2009 (ARRA) consistent with goals of the act, specifically, to
preserve and create jobs and stimulate economic recovery. Further, USDA
agencies used a common general framework for estimating the potential
effects of the ARRA using concepts and techniques embodied in a tool
called IMPLAN. Infrastructure investments by USDA Rural Development in
community facilities, water and waste, rural business support, single
family housing support, broadband and Rural Development Salary resulted
in 16 jobs per $1 million invested (USDA NRCS, 2010). Infrastructure
investments by USDA Farm Service Agency in information technology
resulted in 22 jobs per $1 million invested (USDA NRCS, 2010). A 2010
study partially funded by the Forest Service indicated that forest and
watershed restoration activities have the potential to create an
average of 14 jobs per $1 million invested (M. Nielsen-Pincus and C.
Moseley, 2010). A more recent study published by the Public Library of
Science, cites up to 33 jobs per $1 million invested from environmental
restoration, restoration-related conservation, and mitigation actions
(BenDor, et al., 2015). Infrastructure investments by USDA Natural
Resource Conservation Service in floodplain, dam and other projects
resulted in 220 jobs per $1 million invested (USDA NRCS 2010). Recent
examination of Forest Service investment in over $3 billion in
infrastructure indicates that 35,000 to 38,000 jobs annually could be
sustained across the nation, or 11 to 12 jobs per $1 million invested
(USDA Forest Service, 2017). In addition, a 2017 analysis of Forest
Service resource management investments ($5.9 billion) in program areas
such as infrastructure construction and maintenance, firefighting,
ecosystem restoration, research and development, fuels treatments, Job
Corps, salaries, etc. contributed 120,620 jobs across the nation; or 20
jobs per $1 million invested (USDA Forest Service, 2019).
References
BenDor, T. et al. ``Estimating the size and impact of the
ecological restoration economy,'' PLoS ONE, 10 (6) (2015): e0128339.
M. Nielsen-Pincus and C. Moseley. Economic and Employment Impacts
of Forest and Watershed Restoration in Oregon, 2010. Available from
Oregon State University at https://scholarsbank.uoregon.edu/xmlui/
bitstream/handle/1794/10776/WP24.pdf?sequence=1.
USDA NRCS 2010. Job Creation Estimates for Rural Development, FSA,
and NRCS Items in the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act. Available
from NRCS at https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/national/
technical/econ/tools/?cid=nrcs143_009732.
USDA Forest Service 2017. Briefing Paper on Forest Service
Infrastructure Improvement Opportunities.
USDA Forest Service 2019. Briefing Paper on Forest Service Jobs and
GDP Economic Contribution. Supporting the FY2020 Budget Justification.
Questions Submitted by Hon. Kim Schrier, a Representative in Congress
from Washington
Capital Improvement Plan Projects
Question 1. What considerations are made to narrow down the list of
projects submitted that meet the national priorities outlined?
Answer. The primary considerations for selecting and ranking
capital improvement projects are how the projects support our current
priorities including the following benefit areas: active management,
access to recreation, economic benefits, fire operations, environment
and sustainability, and research and technology. In addition, project
criticality and readiness are also considered when scheduling
implementation.
Question 2. Are Regions allocated a percentage of the CIP budget
based on need, miles of road, acres of Forest Service land? Or are
simply the top number of projects funded?
Answer. Regions are allocated funds for operations and maintenance
based on a distribution formula that includes miles of roads,
visitation, timber volume targets and others. Since 2017, the Forest
Service has set aside a small portion of the Capital Improvement and
Maintenance (CI&M) account for Roads and Facilities to fund competitive
Capital Improvement Plan (CIP) and Decommissioning projects.
Question 3. Given that the states with the highest concentration of
deferred repairs are: California, Montana, Idaho, Oregon, Colorado, and
Washington, respectively, will these states be allocated larger
proportion of the CIP budget due to their needs?
Answer. In general, these states get a large portion of CI&M
funding for operations and maintenance. However, the national CIP
project competition focuses on project specific cost-benefit ratio
rather than accumulated deferred maintenance. The reduction of deferred
maintenance as result of implementing a project is a desired outcome.
Question 4. How are Regional priorities considered? For example, in
Region 6, if improving Chinook salmon habitat and removing fish passage
barriers is of utmost priority, what weight will that be given in the
national priorities?
Answer. The CIP model used to rank and prioritize project uses
quantitative metrics and criticality scoring. Although the regional
ranking of projects is not used in the calculation of the final score,
it would be taken into consideration. Before finalizing the CIP list of
projects for each fiscal year the Asset Management Review Board (AMRB)
would make necessary adjustments to ensure that regional and national
priorities are in alignment.
Legacy Roads and Trails Program
Question 5. What direction are you providing to Regional Offices to
Legacy Roads and Trails program projects are implemented and tracked?
Answer. While the Legacy Roads and Trails Program was retired from
our budget line items starting in FY 2018, the Forest Service continues
to plan, implement and track projects which meet the goals of this
formerly dedicated funding mechanism.
Question 6. Is the USFS continuing to track and report annual
accomplishments under the program?
Answer. The Forest Service continues to track accomplishments from
transportation projects that improve watershed conditions, including
bettering streams for water quality and aquatic organisms.
Question 7. Across National Forest lands in OR/WA, 6,000 stream
miles are designated as critical habitat for federally listed fish, and
5,550 stream miles have been listed as water quality impaired under the
Federal Clean Water Act of 1972. What management improvements does the
USFS need to make to ensure waters are removed from the listings?
Answer. The Forest Service established a Watershed Condition
Framework to provide a consistent, comparable, and credible process for
improving the health of watersheds on National Forests and Grasslands
in 2011. The Pacific Northwest Region continues to focus on the
priority watersheds and choose projects to fund that improve watershed
conditions, including bettering streams for water quality and aquatic
organisms.
Question 8. How will the USFS meet its obligations to protect water
quality and salmon in my state?
Answer. The Pacific Northwest Region continues to leverage existing
and new partnerships to invest in watershed improvement projects that
address water quality and aquatic organism passage.
Questions Submitted by Hon. Jimmy Panetta, a Representative in Congress
from California
Question 1. The Nacimiento-Fergusson Road is a 24 mile long Forest
Service road in the Los Padres National Forest. When Big Sur residents
face inclement weather like mudslides and wildfires that cause road
failures on Highway 1, the Nacimiento-Fergusson road is the only way
they can get out of the Big Sur region. After storms in 2017 that shut
down Highway 1, there were hundreds of people who had no way to get out
of Big Sur. At the same time, the Nacimiento-Fergusson road has
suffered as a result of the Forest Service's maintenance backlog.
Associate Chief Lago, once the Wildfire Funding Fix is implemented in
Fiscal Year 2020, would you be willing to continue this dialogue and
work with me to ensure the Big Sur community can access much-needed
funding to for deferred maintenance on their roads?
Answer. Yes, the implementation of the Wildfire Funding Fix is
going to allow the agency to be more efficient in addressing
infrastructure needs and to better plan long term solutions to address
the deferred maintenance backlog.
Question 2. In Los Padres National Forest, our deferred maintenance
exceeds $24 million. My question is where does that lie relative to
other National Forests?
Answer. Los Padres National Forest deferred maintenance is
consistent with other National Forests. We have enclosed a file with
more detailed information on the deferred maintenance for all units of
the National Forest System [see Attachment 3].
Question 3. The State of California prides itself on technological
innovation. I am consistently impressed when I see the innovation in
our agricultural fields, from robotic harvesters to agricultural drones
that monitor crop growth. Can you speak to any Forest Service
investments in technology, including drones, satellites, and fire
surveillance cameras?
Answer. The Forest Service is actively involved in leveraging
leading edge technology to support decision-making at all levels of the
Forest Service from the field, to the regional offices, and to the
Washington Office. The FY 2021 Forest Service budget proposes $5
million to be used to implement the Wildfire Technology Modernization
section of the Dingell Conservation and Management Act (2019).
Implementation includes the development of a common, single display of
all fire resources and will significantly increase accountability for
how the agency uses assets. This will allow the agency to monitor,
analyze, and evaluate how tactical decisions and resource utilization
influences incident outcomes. This information will create a feedback
loop, allowing the agency to learn where, when, and how resources are
most effective. When combined with the Risk Management Assistance
framework, technology modernization for fire resources will enable
improvement in the efficient use of agency resources through early,
risk-based decision-making with State and local partners and through
transparent deployment of assets. The Forest Service is accelerating
adoption of new technologies to modernize the wildland fire system,
consistent with direction provided in the Dingell Act. Technology is
key not only for real-time incident management, but also to be able to
learn where and when resources are most effective. That learning will
be key for improved deployment in the future that will reduce risk to
responders and be more cost-effective. Investments in technology
include (among others):
UAS (drones). The Forest Service began evaluating UAS in
2003, and we now have an established Forest Service--UAS
Program Office to manage, support and expand the use of this
revolutionary capability. We are actively leveraging UAS
technologies to support a number of business needs including
fire/disaster support, engineering fieldwork (infrastructure
inspection and assessment), invasive species mapping, and
environmental cleanup. The Forest Service has also started
testing the use of drones to perform bridge inspection. The use
of UAS provides new data streams, saves time, and improves
personnel safety in the field.
Satellite Imagery. The Forest Service heavily leverages the
use of imagery from Federal-civil and commercial satellites to
support traditional mapping (paper and digital maps) and fire/
disaster support. The remote sensing community continues to
evaluate and incorporate new sensor data streams as they come
online. The Forest Service is a significant user of commercial
high-resolution satellite imagery, which is provided at no cost
to Federal-civil agencies by the National Geospatial-
Intelligence Agency.
Fire Surveillance Cameras. Federal, state and local fire
managers are increasingly relying on both airborne and ground
(fixed) fire surveillance cameras. The Forest Service is
actively pursuing automated smoke detection in the networked
ground surveillance cameras, as well as the use of UAS, new
thermal infrared cameras and the use of national systems to
support improved fire detection (and reporting) and active fire
management.
Questions Submitted by Hon. Doug LaMalfa, a Representative in Congress
from California
Question 1. Timber receipts have been down. Back years ago, we are
looking at 1991, we could see that there is $680 million in timber
receipts, of which ten percent goes directly towards forest roads, and
it is also very important, those receipts, for local schools and roads
under what is the Secure Rural Schools Fund. And so, now you want $680
million in receipts, and more recently, it is down to $21 million. So,
it would seem to me we could be going farther if we had the timber
receipts for the road maintenance for that ten percent.
Would you comment upon that?
Question 1a. Do you know that number now compared to the $680
million not-inflation-adjusted 1991 number?
Answer 1-1a. The 2014-2018 5 year average of timber receipts was
$32.8 million (see Table [1] below), as compared to the $686.6 million
sold, $845.7 million in receipts, and $84.57 million in ``Purchaser
Road Credits'' in 1991. This 5 year average is roughly 4% of the 1991
timber receipts. In 1991, the Forest Service changed from collecting
``Purchaser Road Credits'' to the ``Specified Road Costs'' approach to
maintaining Forest Service Roads above the standards necessary for
timber harvest. As in the past, where the road maintenance credits were
10% of the receipts, we are very close to that same rate today, as we
calculate the road costs to be 9% of total receipts.
Table 1. Total Timber Receipts 2014-2018
[millions of dollars]
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2014-2018
Timber 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 Average
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Class 1--Timber 40.83 33.22 29.96 29.93 30.04 32.80
KV Revenue 60.38 68.13 57.61 56.80 50.80 58.74
Specified Road 14.61 15.06 15.48 14.70 9.60 13.89
Costs
Timber Salvage 40.06 36.69 35.83 36.69 35.14 36.88
Sale
TPTP Revenue 4.29 4.72 5.57 5.51 5.25 5.07
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Timber 160.16 157.83 144.45 143.63 130.82 147.38
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Under Forest Service Manual (FSM 2432.34a), the Purchaser pays for
the cost of building a road to the standard needed for consistency with
applicable environmental laws and regulations and as needed for timber
harvest. If the sale contract provides for road design standards in
excess of those needed for the harvest and removal of timber from that
sale, including measures to protect adjacent resource values, provision
shall be made in the contract for compensating the Purchaser for the
additional costs, unless the Purchaser elects Government construction
under section 14(i) of the National Forest Management Act of 1976. In
the absence of supplemental funds, the sale would need to be redesigned
or rescheduled.
The FY 2020 and FY 2021 Forest Service budget proposes to use the
Roads and Trails for States fund, without regard to the state in which
the amounts were derived, to repair or reconstruct roads, bridges, and
trails on National Forest System lands or to carry out and administer
projects to improve forest health conditions. This work may include the
repair or reconstruction of roads, bridges, and trails on National
Forest System lands in the wildland-community interface where there is
an abnormally high risk of fire.
Question 2. When we were talking about the backlog, when we are
seeing the Forest Service absorbing more lands through donations from
maybe NGOs or other instances, or the LWCF has also introduced more
land back into Forest Service control. How is that contributing to the
backlog and your ability to keep up, and as well as updating this $5.2
billion backlog figure?
Answer. The Forest Service has a policy not to acquire properties
that will increase deferred maintenance requirements when LWCF funds
are utilized. Naturally, there is a long-term maintenance cost to the
agency to own any acre of land or asset within the National Forest
System.
Question Submitted by Hon. Rick W. Allen, a Representative in Congress
from Georgia
Question. In your written testimony, you mentioned that perhaps
most critically, forest infrastructure provides fire protection for
communities, especially by providing access to forest lands and roads
for firefighters and emergency responders during rescue operations.
Due to the deferred maintenance backlog, how many miles of Forest
Service system roads have been decommissioned over the past 10 years?
Answer. Historically, the Forest Service has had a targeted road
mile decommissioning strategy in order to minimize resource damage to
the landscape caused by the presence of built infrastructure. The table
below presents those targets and associated decommissioning
accomplishments. It should be noted that the targets and
accomplishments include both System and non-System mileage. System
roads are roads inventoried, maintained and managed by the Forest
Service. Non-System roads are roads within National Forest System
boundaries, but which are not Forest Service roads. Until FY 2013,
System and non-System miles were not reported separately.
Forest Service Road Decommissioning FY 2010-FY 2019
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FY 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Target (Mi., Total) 1,519 2,158 2,028 1,936 1,200 1,600 2,000 2,000 2,000 0
System Accomp. (Mi.) N/A N/A N/A 780.78 508.00 416 265.36 296.3 142.7 132.9
Non-System (Mi.) N/A N/A N/A 709.44 908.00 883.32 671.65 548.2 398.1 207.1
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
attachment 1
[GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]
Facilities Condition Assessment Field Training Guide
[GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]
Photo of a moderate-sized building with shingle siding, a
concrete foundation, and a steel-ribbed roof. A large brick
chimney extends above the roof in the center where the three
wings of the building meet. Tall conifer trees and a grass lawn
surround the building.
This 1934 building at the Cle Elum Ranger Station on the
Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest, Pacific Northwest Region is
still in use and is in serviceable condition.
[GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]
Forest Service, National Technology & Development Program
1473-2830-MTDC Facilities
January 2015
About the Authors
Kathleen Snodgrass joined the Missoula Technology and Development
Center (MTDC) as a project leader in 2001. She began her career with
the Forest Service at the Nez Perce National Forest working in
facilities, landscape architecture, land line, and general engineering
before serving as the facilities architect for about 7 years. She also
spent about 10 years working in highway design and construction with
the Idaho Division of Highways after graduating from Washington State
University in 1974 with a bachelor's degree in architectural studies.
Kathleen C. Marks is a multidisciplinary project leader at MTDC for
the facilities and environmental compliance and protection (ECAP)
programs. She began work for MTDC in 2010 after receiving a bachelor's
degree in civil engineering from Montana State University.
Kathleen Snodgrass, Project Leader;
Kathleen Marks Project Assistant,
USDA Forest Service, National Technology and Development Program,
Missoula, MT
9E92L11 Facility Inspection Field Guide
January 2015
USDA Nondiscrimination Statement
The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits
discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis
of race, color, national origin, age, disability, and where
applicable, sex, marital status, familial status, parental
status, religion, sexual orientation, genetic information,
political beliefs, reprisal, or because all or part of an
individual's income is derived from any public assistance
program. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.)
Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for
communication of program information (Braille, large print,
audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA's TARGET Center at (202)
720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of
discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights,
1400 Independence Avenue, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20250-9410, or
call (800) 795-3272 (voice) or (202) 720-6832 (TDD). USDA is an
equal opportunity provider and employer.
Forest Service
The Forest Service, an agency of the U.S. Department of
Agriculture (USDA), has developed this information for the
guidance of its employees, its contractors, and its cooperating
Federal and State agencies. The Forest Service assumes no
responsibility for the interpretation or use of this
information by anyone except its own employees. The use of
trade, firm, or corporation names is for the information and
convenience of the reader. Such use does not constitute an
official endorsement or approval of any product or service to
the exclusion of others that may be suitable.
Acknowledgments
The authors deeply appreciate the contributions of Steve Oravetz,
Bruce Crockett, Randy Warbington, and Mark McDonough, who were the lead
developers of the Forest Service Condition Assessment system and
provided advice about and information for this publication. The authors
also thank the many Forest Service employees who provided great photos
of facilities, especially those who responded to specific item
requests. The authors thank the editors and visual information
specialists for turning the rough draft into a polished field guide.
The Facility Condition Assessment Form
This training guide is a memory-jogger that you can take with you
as you perform facility condition assessments. It contains the same
items in the same order as the complex facility condition assessment
form that is used to record work items for entry into the Natural
Resources Manager (NRM) Infra database. Use this guide to perform
condition assessments in a manner consistent with those performed by
other inspectors throughout the Forest Service.
Keep in mind that facility condition assessments are only intended
to record major facility maintenance needs. Performing operations work
and minor maintenance work on a regular basis is important, but such
work is not recorded through the facility condition assessment process.
The National Technology and Development Program (T&D) report ``So
That's Why It's Always Cold in Here: A Guide for Conducting Facilities
Condition Assessment Surveys'' (0473-2839-MTDC), provides detailed
guidance for inspecting buildings and associated assets to determine
their condition and what work is needed to correct deficiencies,
including operations and minor maintenance. The report is available in
printed form from the Missoula Technology and Development Center (MTDC)
or electronically at http://fsweb.mtdc.wo.fs.fed.us/php/
library_card.php?p_num=0473 2839.
This guide does not explain how to properly conduct condition
assessments on Forest Service buildings. You will need to take the
7100--Basic Building Condition Assessment and Work Items or 7300--
Complex Building Condition Survey Training course in person or through
AgLearn before using this guide in the field.
This guide does not explain how to use the NRM Infra database.
Please see your supervisor and forest NRM specialist if you need more
information about NRM or role assignments to access and modify data in
the NRM Infra database.
Before using this guide in the field, print the condition
assessment form for each building using the NRM Infra report
BLDSRV01JRL: Facility Condition Assessment Form (figure 1). NRM Infra
automatically populates the header information for the printed form,
except for the inspector signature, inspection date, and inspector
name. Check to ensure that you've printed the appropriate form (complex
versus basic building) and that the header information is accurate.
Figure 1
[GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]
Part of the Facility Condition Assessment Form for the
Missoula Technology and Development Center office/lab/shop.
Be sure to check the gross square feet (Gross SqFt) of the building
to ensure that it is correct. Compute gross square feet using physical
or as-built plan measurements to the outside faces of exterior walls
for all stories of the building. Don't include crawl spaces or areas
with less than a 3 clear ceiling height. Don't include the open air
over a double height room as part of the floor above; count only the
floor area that can be walked on. Do include excavated basement areas,
indoor mechanical spaces, mezzanines, penthouses and attics with
floors, garages, covered porches (with or without walls), balconies you
can stand on, and interior or covered corridors or walkways. Do include
the footprints of stairways, elevator shafts, and vertical duct shafts
as gross area on each floor through which they pass. If this
explanation is confusing, more details and sketches showing how these
rules are applied to a building are available at the U. S. Department
of Education's Facilities Inventory and Classification Manual Web page
http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2006/ficm/
content.asp?ContentType=Section&chapter=3§ion=2&subsection=1.
All work item costs automatically populate when your inspection
data is entered into the NRM Infra database. The costs include the RS
Means estimated cost multiplied by 1.10 for design costs, by 1.10 for
contracting costs, and by 1.15 for overhead costs. The RS Means costs
are updated each year to match the current national average costs of
the work.
A multiplier is also applied to all work items to account for the
increasing costs as the distance increases from the building to the
nearest town with contractors and supplies. The multiplier is based on
the Estimated Travel Time (Hrs) value that is entered on the Building
Details screen in the NRM Infra database. The multiplier is 1.0 for 1
hour of travel time, 1.5 for 2 hours, 2.0 for 4 hours, 3.0 for 8 hours,
and 4.0 for more than 8 hours of travel time. The estimated travel time
is shown in the Facility Condition Assessment Form header. Check this
value for accuracy. If it is inaccurate, correct it on the Buildings
screen before entering work items.
Another multiplier, 1.5, is automatically applied to all work items
for buildings with Historic Status in the NRM Infra database of
EVALUATED/MEETS (has been evaluated and meets National Register
criteria), IN/PENDING (included in the National Register of Historic
Places or on a pending list), or MEETS AGE/FRTHR (more than 50 years
old, but requires further evaluation). The Facility Condition
Assessment Form header shows the Historic Status. Check this value for
accuracy. If it is inaccurate, correct it on the Buildings screen
before entering work items.
Whether you are assessing a complex or basic building, all the
standard work items are on the Facility Condition Assessment Form.
Complex buildings have 62 standard work items and simple buildings have
16 standard work items. This guide addresses each work item in the same
order as on the printed complex building form. If you are inspecting a
basic building, ignore the work items in this guide that are not on
your form.
Filling in the Facility Condition Assessment Form
You will need to physically inspect each building and fill in
Quantity, Reason, and Date Needed for each item that requires repair,
and check the box in the Critical column, if necessary. The cost for
each item self-populates from an interface with the current edition of
RS Means Building Construction Cost Data when the information from the
printed form is entered electronically into the NRM Infra database.
Quantity of work must be measured, calculated, or counted, unless
the preprinted unit is LS (lump sum). If the unit is LS, the quantity
is always ``1'' if the work is needed and ``0'' if no work is needed.
Other units of measure are:
CSF: 100 square feet
EA: each
LF: linear feet
MSF: 1,000 square feet
M.S.F.: 10,000 square feet
SF: square feet
SQ: 100 square feet
STEP, EA: stair riser
SYSTEM: each complete system
To calculate square feet, measure the length and width (or length
and height for vertical surfaces) in feet, then multiply length by
width (or length by height). CSF, MSF, SQ, and M.S.F. are variants of
SF, and are explained further under items using these units of measure.
Do not confuse M.S.F. with MSF. Available fonts prevented use of the
Roman numeral for 10,000 on the form. Designating 10,000 square feet as
M.S.F. was the workaround.
The Reason column identifies the reason for performing the work. It
contains only three choices:
1. Resource protection work items must be performed to avoid damage,
obstruction, or negative impact to a natural or cultural
resource.
2. Mission work items must be completed to ensure the ability of
employees to carry out the Forest Service mission. Needs
are related to administration and providing services
(transportation, recreation, grazing, etc.) that do not
fall into the H&S or Resource categories.
3. Health and safety (H&S) work items are necessary to address
immediate threats to human health and safety.
In the Date Needed column, you normally should write in the last
day of the fiscal year in which the work needs to be performed.
Check the box in the Critical column only if completion of the work
item is necessary to correct a serious and immediate threat to health
or safety, a natural or cultural resource, or the ability of the Forest
Service to carry out its mission. Other work items necessary to address
potential risks to public or employee safety or health; compliance with
codes, standards, regulations, etc.; or needs that address potential
adverse consequences to natural resources or mission accomplishment are
considered non-critical. For example:
Complying with Notices of Violation (Occupational Safety and
Health Administration [OSHA], Environmental Protection Agency
[EPA], etc.) is a critical health and safety need.
Preventing irreversible damage to or loss of a historic
structure is a critical resource protection need.
Providing accessibility for people with disabilities is a
non-critical health and safety need.
Complying with Federal, State, and local building codes is a
non-critical health and safety need.
Making modifications to accommodate increased visitation is
a non-critical mission need.
Energy efficiency or renewable energy retrofits are a non-
critical mission need.
Please DO check your data to ensure that everything is entered
correctly, including the unit of measure.
Inspection Tips
Experienced inspectors provided the following tips to help you
perform a quicker, more effective inspection.
Use two people to survey large labs or office buildings. One
person can measure while the other records.
Use a set of as-built plans (if available) to count light
fixtures, windows, etc.
If you don't have as-built plans, sketch a simple floor plan
as you inspect to show doors, windows, flooring types, and
dimensions. Keep the sketch in the building file for future
reference.
Builders often use rules of thumb to estimate quantities.
You can, too, where it seems prudent. For instance:
b Multiply the gross square feet of the finished area of a house by
4.5 for a good approximation of the total square feet of
gypsum board that would be needed to completely replace the
gypsum board inside the house. If the garage is a full-
finish structure, multiply its square footage by 2.25 and
then add the result to the house total. A reasonable
multiplier for small office buildings is 3.2.
These estimating multipliers also work for repainting
the entire interior.
b Each region has a cooling ratio that is either implied or
dictated by the local building officials. The ratio states
how many square feet can be conditioned per ton of cooling.
If you know this ratio, you can easily estimate the tons of
cooling capacity needed for the building.
Use the adjustment factors shown in table 1 to figure
the roof area on the
slope, if you know the roof pitch and the horizontal area
covered by the roof
(including overhangs). Multiply the covered area by the
adjustment factor.
Table 1
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Roof Slope Adjustment Factor
------------------------------------------------------------------------
3 in 12 1.031
4 in 12 1.054
6 in 12 1.118
8 in 12 1.202
12 in 12 1.414
------------------------------------------------------------------------
After entering the work items into the NRM Infra database,
check your entered data to ensure that you entered everything
correctly and that you used the unit of measure the work item
requires.
b Enter roofing and siding quantities in 100 square feet units
(CSF), not square feet units (SF).
b Enter parking lot seal coat in 10,000 square feet units (M.S.F.),
and parking lot resurfacing in 1,000 square feet units
(MSF).
A work item is deferred maintenance if the material has been
in place longer than the typical life cycle listed on the page
for each work item. A carpet that was installed in 2000 and
inspected in 2012 was 12 years old when inspected. Because the
life cycle for carpeting is 8 years, replacing the carpet would
be considered deferred maintenance using the Forest Service
standard, even if the carpet was still in good condition.
Whether you agree with this logic or not, please conform to the
standard so our practices remain uniform and defensible.
A list of survey tools a facility inspector may wish to take
along to increase efficiency when performing condition
assessment inspections is available at http://
fsweb.wo.fs.fed.us/eng/programs/facilities/documents/
ToolList.doc.
Work Items
The remainder of this guide consists of information about the
standard work items. Each work item has its own page that includes a
photo or two depicting the item as well as information to help you
decide whether the item applies to the building you're inspecting, how
often this work normally is needed, and how to measure and record the
quantity of work. This guide includes much of the information included
in the ``Building Work Items Data Dictionary'' http://
fsweb.wo.fs.fed.us/eng/programs/facilities/documents/
BldgsWIDDictionary.pdf.
In the interest of minimizing the number of work items, similar
work is sometimes grouped together under a single work item. The actual
replacement costs for these similar items aren't identical, so a
representative cost is used. The work item title may not reflect the
range of work covered by the item. Check the considerations bullets for
more information about the work included in the item.
If the standard work items don't cover needed major maintenance
work, you may need to create a custom work item, as explained following
the standard work item pages.
Notes
Work Item 01001--Building Replacement, Complete
Definition: Remove and replace an entire building (figures 2 and
3).
Unit of Measure: lump sum (LS).
Typical Life Cycle: 50 years.
A well constructed and maintained building can last several
hundred years, and a poorly constructed and maintained building
may become unusable in a decade or 2. Base the replacement
decision on the condition and function and not the age of the
building.
Considerations:
Replacement is justified if a building is still needed, but:
b Deferred maintenance costs exceed the current replacement value
shown in the NRM Infra database.
b The building becomes functionally obsolete.
b The building cannot be modified to meet accessibility standards.
Check the Facilities Master Plan (FMP) to see whether the
building is needed.
Decide whether this work item is appropriate based on the
FMP decision and the building's condition.
If this item is selected, DO NOT record any other work items
for this building.
Figure 2 *
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
* Editor's note: the following figures, in addition to having a
text descriptor, have a description embedded in the picture. These are
captured in this publication as well and immediately follow the figure
as an italic descriptor.
[GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]
Photo of an old barn building next to a newer, larger barn.
The old barn's foundation posts are leaning and the door is
propped open with a board braced against the ground.
This old barn is in extremely poor condition. If the
Facilities Master Plan shows a continuing need for barn or
storage space here, the barn should be replaced. If not, the
barn should be removed.
Figure 3
[GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]
Photo of an older wood-framed and wood-sided vault toilet
with a fiberglass roof, The building is only about 4 wide by
4 deep. Green algae is growing up the siding from the concrete
slab foundation and there are holes in the bottom of the siding
in three places.
Buildings that can't be modified to meet accessibility
requirements need to be replaced, if the function they provide
is still required. This outhouse is too small to provide the
required turning space.
Work Item 02001--Parking Lot, Repair and Seal Coating (per 10,000 S.F.)
Definition: Perform minor repairs, apply emulsified asphalt seal
coat to the asphalt-paved surface, and paint traffic and parking
markings (figure 4).
Unit of Measure: 10,000 square feet (M.S.F.).
To determine the number of units, calculate the total area
in square feet, then divide by 10,000. Round to the nearest
tenth. Enter this number as the quantity. Example: 67,543 SF &
10,000 (SF per M.S.F.) = 6.7543 M.S.F. Rounded to the nearest
tenth = 6.8 M.S.F.
Typical Life Cycle: 5 years.
Considerations:
Includes thoroughly cleaning the surface, patching holes,
filling cracks, applying two coats of petroleum emulsion, and
restriping the parking lot.
Includes asphalt seal only, not chip seal; use a custom item
for chip seal.
Asphalt parking lots need to be maintained with an
emulsified asphalt seal coat about every 5 years to maximize
pavement life.
Use only for pavement associated with a building, not a
road.
Use only for parking lots that are in relatively good
condition.
Figure 4
[GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]
Photo of an asphalt parking lot with faded parking
delineation paint and a few cracks that have been coated with
tar.
This supervisor's office parking lot is in pretty good
condition, but could use a seal and repainting.
Work Item 02002--Parking Lot, Repair and Resurface
Definition: Repair defects, place 2" thick asphalt pavement overlay
on asphalt-paved surfaces, and paint traffic and parking markings
(figure 5).
Unit of Measure: 1,000 square feet (MSF).
To determine the number of units, calculate the total area
in square feet, then divide by 1,000. Round to the nearest
tenth. Example: 485 SF & 1,000 SF per MSF = 0.485 MSF. Rounded
to the nearest tenth = 0.5 MSF.
Typical Life Cycle: 10 years.
Asphalt pavement may last much longer if properly
maintained.
Considerations:
Includes thoroughly cleaning the surface, patching holes,
filling cracks, applying an emulsion tack coat, laying an
asphaltic concrete wearing course, and restriping the lot.
Use only for pavement associated with a building, not a
road.
Use when the aggregate base is generally sound but the
asphalt is broken up, has potholes, and, in general, is in poor
but salvageable condition.
Figure 5
[GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]
Photo of an area paved with asphalt in poor condition behind
two buildings.
The raveling, developing potholes, and alligatoring on this
parking lot and driveway can't be cured by a seal coat; it
should have an asphalt overlay.
Work Item 02003--Concrete, Sidewalk or Curb, Remove/Replace
Definition: Replace concrete or asphalt curbs (figure 6) or
sidewalks (figure 7).
Unit of Measure: linear feet (LF) of sidewalk or curb.
Sidewalk only: measure linear feet to the nearest foot for a
sidewalk that is 24" to 48" wide. If the sidewalk is wider than
48", record proportionally more length.
Curb only: measure linear feet to the nearest foot.
Both sidewalk and curb: measure linear feet of each to the
nearest foot and add the lengths together.
Typical Life Cycle: 25 years.
Concrete typically has a long life, but may become degraded
because of overloading or poor initial construction. Continued
exposure to freeze-thaw cycles may shift alignment vertically
or horizontally, creating tripping hazardsand making surfaces
nonaccessible.
Considerations:
Includes removing the existing sidewalk or curb, placing a
3" thick, vibratory-plate-compacted aggregate base and a 4"
thick, broom-finished concrete sidewalk or formed curb with
gutter.
Does not include repair work, such as patching or grinding,
which is minor maintenance.
Figure 6
[GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]
Photo of a section of concrete curb and gutter at the edge of
an asphalt-paved parking lot. The concrete is cracked about
every 2, with chipping and spalling at most of the cracks.
This curb and gutter are deteriorating and no longer provide
good drainage flow, so they should be replaced.
Figure 7
[GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]
Photo of two sidewalks leading to the back door of a wood-
sided Forest Service residence. The left sidewalk is
perpendicular to the bade wall of the house and has an 1\1/2\"
high ``step'' where the walk cracked and part of it settled.
The right sidewalk is parallel to the back wall of the house
and has a 2" wide gap in the concrete at a joint where the
sidewalk separated.
Two short sections of this sidewalk should be replaced to
correct the vertical alignment shift on the left and the
horizontal shift on the right. Use work item 15001 to record
the needed work to provide accessibility at the door.
Work Item 02004--Fence, All, Remove/Replace or Install New
Definition: Remove and replace existing fencing (figure 8) and
gates (figure 9).
Typical Life Cycle: 20 years.
Unit of Measure: linear feet (LF) of fence.
Measure to the nearest foot the linear feet of the section
of fence that needs to be replaced.
Considerations:
Includes replacing worn-out fences of all standard quality
types (worm, picket, chain link, barbed wire, etc.) regardless
of height or material, including gates.
Does not include premium quality fencing, such as
replicating an elaborate historic pattern or extensive use of
exotic hardwoods. If such work is necessary, it is a custom
item.
Does not include fence repair or routine maintenance, such
as tightening wires, staining, or replacing a couple of
pickets.
Figure 8
[GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]
Photo of a low post-and-rail fence beside a sidewalk in back
of a wood-sided Forest Service office. Part of the fence is
leaning away from the viewer.
Although the stain hides most of the deficiencies, the posts
of this fence are rotted at the base, cracked at the top, and
the rails are deteriorated. This fence should be replaced.
Figure 9
[GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]
Photo of a man standing beside a partly opened gate in a tall
chain-link fence with three strands of barbed wire on top. A
chain and padlock hang from the fence next to the gate latch.
The fence separates a parking lot from a wareyard.
This gate may still be fine for use in a low-security area,
even though the wire panel is warped. If the gate is in an area
with high-security needs, it should be replaced.
Work Item 02005--Electric, Outdoor Pole Lights, Remove/Replace or
Install New
Definition: Remove and replace an outdoor light fixture, complete
with supporting pole or bollard (figure 10).
Typical Life Cycle: 20 years.
Unit of Measure: each (EA).
Considerations:
Includes replacing security or parking lot site light
fixtures. Does not include replacing landscape lights, wall
packs, or other less expensive outdoor lights, which are
included in work item 13004.
Includes turning the branch circuit off, positioning the
truck, raising and lowering the boom bucket, removing and
installing the pole and 400 W HPS fixture with lamp and
ballast, testing the pole-mounted fixture, and turning the
branch circuit back on.
Consider relamping costs (labor, equipment, and frequency of
bulb replacement) when choosing new site lights. Relamping site
lights is an operations expense.
Before recording this item in the NRM Infra database, check
to ensure that the Forest Service owns the light(s). Many
utility companies retain ownership of site lights and charge
monthly rent for them. If a utility company owns the light,
have them replace it.
Figure 10
[GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]
Photo of a cobra head yard light atop a wood pole behind a
brick Forest Service office. The light illuminates a parking
lot.
This parking lot light pole has a distinct lean and minor rot
at the base. The light fixture lens is cracked. The fixture and
pole should be replaced.
Work Item 03001--Concrete Slab or Stem Wall, Minor Repair, Spalls &
Cracks
Definition: Repair concrete stem walls, retaining walls (figure
11), slabs (figure 12), etc.
Typical Life Cycle: 15 years.
Concrete slabs and stem walls last indefinitely unless
adversely affected by soil movement, overloading, or poor
initial construction (inadequate base, poor-quality concrete,
overworked finish, inadequate control joints, etc.). Typical
``wearing-out'' life cycles don't usually drive the need to
repair concrete on buildings.
Unit of Measure: square feet (SF).
Calculate the square feet of the concrete slab or wall that
needs work.
Considerations:
Includes extensive nonstructural repairs or sealing cracks
and spalls on formed concrete and concrete masonry units that
are part of a building, including entry sidewalks, ramps, and
cracked slabs in open buildings, such as carports or picnic
shelters.
Does not include major overlay, repair, or replacement
because of failure of the wall or slab. Does not include stone
or brick masonry work. Use a custom item for such work.
Figure 11
[GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]
Photo of a thick concrete wall with a stone cap that
separates a grass lawn from an outdoor stairway.
This wall remains sturdy, but the surface layer of the
concrete is peeling off. The surface layer should be removed
and refinished.
Figure 12
[GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]
Detail photo of a joint in a concrete walkway slab at the
entrance to a building.
This concrete slab is cracked and is spalled at the edge of
the control joint. The deficiencies should be repaired.
Work Item 04001--Basic Roof, Fiberglass Shingles, Removal/Replacement
Definition: Remove and replace standard-quality, moderate-cost
roofing (figures 13 and 14).
Typical Life Cycle: 20 years.
Unit of Measure: square (SQ) of roofing.
A square of roofing covers about 100 square feet.
Calculate the square feet of roof on the slope and divide by
100; round up to the nearest square.
Considerations:
Includes standard-cost asphalt or fiberglass shingles (30
year shingle or less); V-crimp metal roofing; delta-rib,
exposed-fastener metal roofing; asphalt-roll roofing; or other
moderate-cost roof materials that typically have about a 20
year life cycle.
Includes setting up, securing, and taking down the ladder;
removing existing roofing; removing damaged metal flashing;
installing 15 pound roofing felt; installing new aluminum
flashing; installing roofing; and cleaning up.
Does not include repair work; fixing isolated leaks is
operations or minor maintenance work that needs to be completed
as soon as possible.
Does not include replacing sheathing or vents, other than
integral ridge vents.
Figure 13
[GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]
Photo of a small, wood-sided Forest Service ``gas house''
with a wood-shingle roof that is about half covered with a
thick growth of moss.
Timely operations and maintenance work, especially moss and
debris removal, could have extended the life of this roof. The
roofing has deteriorated to the point that it should be
replaced.
Figure 14
[GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]
Detail photo of an asphalt-shingle roof on a Forest Service
warehouse building.
This roof has many patches of missing shingles and the
remaining shingles are in poor condition. The roof probably
leaks in several places. The shingles should be replaced.
Work Item 04002--Premium Roof, Metal/Membrane/Shakes, Removal and
Replacement
Definition: Remove and replace premium-quality roofing (figures 15
and 16).
Typical Life Cycle: membrane--20 years; wood, tile, or
architectural-grade shingles--30 years; standing-seam metal--50 years.
Unit of Measure: square (SQ) of roofing.
A square of roofing covers about 100 square feet.
Calculate the square feet of roof on the slope and divide by
100; round up to the nearest square.
Considerations:
Includes replacing wood shakes or shingles; tile roofing;
standing-seam metal roofing; slate-, shingle-, or tile-
patterned metal roofing; single-ply membrane roofing;
architectural-grade composition shingles; and other premium-
quality roofing.
Includes setting up, securing, and taking down the ladder;
removing existing roofing; removing flashing metal; installing
new flashing; installing a new roof system, including felt or
an underlayer; and cleaning up.
Because removing and reinstalling rooftop equipment, such as
condensing units, is often required, a crane might be needed to
remove and reinstall equipment. The cost of this work is
reflected in this standard work item.
Does not include replacing nonfunctioning or inadequate
roof-mounted equipment or vents. Use a custom item for such
work if the work is a major expense.
Does not include repair work; fixing isolated leaks is
operations or minor maintenance work that needs to be completed
as soon as possible.
Figure 15
[GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]
Detail photo of an asphalt-shingle roof on a Forest Service
warehouse building.
This roof membrane has been patched so many times that it
should be replaced the next time it springs a leak.
Figure 16
[GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]
Detail photo of a standing-seam metal roof on a partially
earth-sheltered wood-sided Forest Service building.
This standing-seam roofing is rusting and has come apart in
several places, including at one seam that has been ``fixed''
with caulking. The roofing should be replaced.
Work Item 04003--Skylight, Remove/Replace
Definition: Remove and replace a typical, unvented, non-opening
skylight (figure 17).
Typical Life Cycle: 30 years.
Unit of Measure: each (EA).
Considerations:
Includes removing and replacing bubble-type or similar
skylights that are broken, brittle, or no longer transmit
daylight.
Includes setting up and securing the scaffold, removing the
skylight, removing flashing, installing new flashing,
installing the new skylight, and removing scaffold.
Skylight leaks usually come from worn-out or improperly
installed flashing. They may leak through the frame if the
frame has separated. Skylights seldom leak through the glass or
plastic unless a crack or break is visible.
Do not reuse the existing flashing.
It may be necessary to replace some of the roofing
immediately surrounding the skylight to properly install new
flashing; such work is included in this item.
Figure 17
[GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]
Detail photo of a rectangular domed skylight set in a sloped
composition-shingle roof on a wood-sided Forest Service
restroom building.
This building has typical bubble-type skylights. This
skylight probably leaks during windblown, heavy rain because of
the separated flashing at the lower end. Carefully evaluate
whether to replace the skylight or just repair the flashing and
roofing.
Work Item 04004--Gutters/Downspouts, Remove/Replace
Definition: Remove and replace downspouts (figure 18) and gutters
(figure 19).
Typical Life Cycle: 15 years.
Unit of Measure: linear feet (LF).
Measure the length of both gutters and downspouts, including
downspout returns, and add all segments for total linear feet.
Considerations:
Unless downspouts are directly piped into an underground
stormwater system, include minimum 3 downspout returns to
carry water away from the building (even if the existing
downspouts don't have returns).
Figure 18
[GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]
Detail photo of the bottom of a square metal downspout with
peeling paint. A compressed section is directly above ground
level. It is visibly plugged with pine needles.
This downspout is crushed and plugged and should be replaced.
Figure 19
[GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]
Detail photo of a section of collapsed gutter above the front
door of a wood-sided Forest Service residence. The back of the
gutter remains securely screwed to the fascia, but the outside
wall of the gutter has been bent down so that it is nearly
perpendicular to the ground, and the end seam has burst.
An ice dam overloaded this gutter. The outside edge of the
gutter is detached from the clip supports and is bent out and
down. The end seams have burst. This gutter should be replaced.
Work Item 05001--Steps, Exterior, Remove/Replace
Definition: Remove and replace exterior steps made from concrete
(figure 20), wood, or other materials.
Typical Life Cycle: 20 years.
Unit of Measure: step, each (STEP, EA).
Count the stair risers to determine the number of steps. For
example, the photo shows three risers, for a count of ``3 EA.''
Considerations:
Includes replacing exterior steps from 2 to 12 high that
are deteriorated or don't meet code requirements for existing
buildings.
Does not include tread resurfacing, painting, etc., which
are operations or minor maintenance expenses.
Does not include replacing railings. Use work item 05003 for
railings.
Does not include replacing the porch, deck, or stoop. Use
work item 05002 for a wood deck or porch or a custom item for a
concrete porch or stoop.
Figure 20
[GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]
Photo of a concrete porch and two concrete steps. Corners of
two steps have broken off, the front edge of the steps have
become rounded because of deterioration, and the surface of
both treads and parts of the risers has spalled off, revealing
the aggregate.
These deteriorated concrete steps are a tripping hazard and
should be replaced.
Work Item 05002--Wood Decks, Removal/Replace
Definition: Remove and replace a deteriorated wood (figure 21) or
plastic composite deck or porch.
Typical Life Cycle: 20 years.
If the ultraviolet-resistant finish on wood decks is
reapplied as needed, the boards should last about 20 years. If
not, they may last no more than 10 to 15 years.
Unit of Measure: square feet (SF).
Calculate the total square feet of deck that needs to be
replaced.
Considerations:
Includes replacing wood decking, stringers, the
substructure, and the foundation.
Does not include railings. Use work item 05003 for railings.
Does not include washing, sealing, or waterproofing, which
are operations or minor maintenance expenses.
Figure 21
[GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]
View of a partly snow-covered porch with wood board decking
on a concrete foundation, with two concrete steps. Two gaps are
visible where deck boards are missing.
The decking on this porch is badly deteriorated. Most of the
boards are buckled and several are missing. The decking should
be replaced. The joists supporting the deck are probably also
rotten and should be replaced.
Work Item 05003--Railing, Porch & Deck, Remove/Replace
Definition: Remove and replace standard-quality exterior guardrail
(figures 22 and 23) and handrail around porches and decks and along
steps and ramps.
Typical Life Cycle: 20 years.
Unit of Measure: linear feet (LF).
Measure the total length in feet of railing to be replaced.
Considerations:
Includes porch, deck, and stairway rails that are
deteriorated or don't meet code requirements for the intended
use of the structure.
Includes all usual materials, including dimensioned lumber,
plastic composites, and metal.
Includes replacing a complete railing system 36" to 42"
high, including guardrails and the required scaffolding to
accomplish the task.
Figure 22
[GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]
Photo of a wood-framed guardrail with woven wire panels. The
top rail is missing above four of the panels.
This guardrail is in worse condition than is evident in a
photo of this size. Aside from the missing boards, many of the
bottom rails and posts are not attached to the structure, many
of the boards are rotted nearly through, fruiting fungi are
growing on many of the boards and posts, and some of the wire
panels are held in place with zip ties. The guardrail needs to
be completely replaced.
Figure 23
[GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]
Detail photo of part of the middle rail of an observation
deck guardrail. Rot is visible on a 2 long section of the top
of the rail. Part of the rotten wood has fallen off,
This guardrail board on an overlook tower is rotten. If it's
the only rotten board, replacement is considered operations
work that should be completed as soon as possible. If most of
the boards are rotten, the entire guardrail should be recorded
under item 05003 and replaced.
Work Item 06001--Siding, All Types, Remove/Replace
Definition: Remove and replace siding (figures 24 and 25).
Typical Life Cycle: 25 years.
Unit of Measure: 100 square feet (CSF).
Calculate the square feet of all siding areas to be
replaced, then divide by 100.
Do not deduct for door and window openings.
Considerations:
Includes removing all types of siding (cement board, wood,
EIFS, plywood, aluminum, vinyl, hardboard, etc.) and replacing
it with the Forest Service standard: fiber cement board or
similar. Includes eaves, trim, fascia, and proper flashing
around windows and doors.
Includes setting up, securing, and taking down the ladder.
Includes painting the new siding.
Figure 24
[GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]
Photo of part of the front of a Forest Service building with
wood lap siding and a metal roof.
This is not the original siding, and it's in poor condition.
Most siding boards are damaged and some siding is missing near
the door where knee braces for an entrance hood were removed.
This replacement siding should be replaced.
Figure 25
[GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]
Detail photo of wood shingles on part of an outside wall of a
Forest Service building. Many shingles are broken, rotten, or
warped and some have been partly dislodged.
This shingle siding is worse in some places than in others,
but all the siding is weather damaged and brittle and should be
replaced.
Work Item 06002--Door, Exterior, Remove/Replace
Definition: Remove and replace an exterior pedestrian door (figures
26 and 27).
Typical Life Cycle: 20 years.
Unit of Measure: each (EA).
``Each'' means each door. Double doors are counted as 2 EA.
An entry with both a door and a screen door is counted as 2 EA
if both need to be replaced.
Considerations:
Includes replacing pedestrian doors up to 4 wide and 8
tall (any material-wood, aluminum, steel, etc.), insulated
vision pane glass (if any), doorframes, closers, and all
commercial hardware and locksets.
Does not include metal-framed glass storefront-type door
surrounds, only the door. Use item 07006 for windows not
included within doors.
Does not include custom replication of fancy historic door
styles. Use a custom item for such work.
Figure 26
[GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]
Photo of a small storage building with a badly deteriorated
Craftsman style door. Some siding boards are cracked or broken.
The broken-out glass could be replaced, but the delaminating
panels on this door can't be repaired without expert
restoration skills. Preservation requirements determine whether
this historic building's door should be replaced in kind or
restored.
Figure 27
[GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]
Photo of a deteriorated door in an exterior wall. On the
bottom quarter of the door, the surface layers are peeling off
the pressed wood core and some of the surface layer is missing.
The bottom left side of the door frame trim is rotted and
cracked.
This door looks like an interior door that was mistakenly
installed on an exterior wall. It is badly deteriorated and
should be replaced with an exterior door.
Work Item 06003--Door, Garage, Overhead Door
Definition: Remove and replace overhead doors (figures 28 and 29).
Typical Life Cycle: 20 years.
Unit of Measure: each (EA).
Considerations:
Includes removing and disposing of doors up to 16 wide and
9 high that are broken, rotten, or nonfunctional, including
old swinging or sliding doors that need to be replaced with
modern overhead doors.
Includes all door materials (wood, steel, fiberglass, etc.)
along with any vision panes, rollers, springs, and hardware.
Does not include replacing swinging or sliding historic
garage or warehouse doors in kind. Use a custom item to replace
historic doors in kind.
Figure 28
[GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]
Photo of part of a warehouse and loading dock, centered on a
large four-panel overhead door. An irregularly shaped scrape
that is about 6 long and 1 high is evident on the bottom
panel of the door.
This overhead warehouse door is damaged. Because several
layers of plywood were peeled off the panel, the strength of
the door is compromised. The door should be replaced.
Figure 29
[GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]
Photo of the end of a garage with a bent and bowed overhead
garage door. The four-panel door has windows all across the
width of the second panel from the top.
This residential garage door is warped and does not open
properly. The door should be replaced.
Work Item 06004--Painting, Exterior, Includes Prep, Prime and Paint
Definition: Repaint the exterior of a building, including
preparation and prime coat (figures 30 and 31).
Typical Life Cycle: 5 years.
Typical life cycle is for paint on wood siding and trim.
Some other finishes, such as paint on cement composite siding
or semitransparent stain on wood siding, may last longer.
Unit of Measure: square feet (SF).
Calculate the gross square feet of the surface area to be
painted. Do not deduct for openings, such as doors and windows.
Considerations:
Includes surface preparation, caulking (if needed), a full or spot
prime coat (as needed), and painting or staining of all exterior
surfaces, including trim, with latex paint or water-based stain.
Use this item regardless of how many coats of paint are
actually needed, the type of paint (oil base, latex, stain,
etc.), or the type of siding being painted.
Does not include lead paint removal. Use work item 16001 for
removing lead paint.
Figure 30
[GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]
Photo of a building with wood Dutch-lap siding. The building
has a partial second floor under the roof. The building has two
doors, five windows, and a brick chimney 1extending above the
wood-shingle roof.
Although the paint is peeling badly, the wood siding of this
historic building is in decent condition. New paint will keep
the siding serviceable. Because it's a historic building, old
layers of paint may contain lead, requiring special preparation
(see work item 16001). Follow the building preservation plan
and use historic colors when repainting.
Figure 31
[GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]
Detail photo of part of an outside building wall and a wood-
framed, double-hung window. There is little stain left on the
siding and some portions have darkened. Nearly all the paint on
the window frame is peeling.
The T1-11 siding should be cleaned and restained with a
semitransparent penetrating stain. Loose paint should be
scraped or sanded from the window frame and trim before they
are primed and repainted.
Work Item 07001--Doors, Interior, Remove/Replace
Definition: Remove and replace an interior door (figure 32).
Typical Life Cycle: 30 years.
Unit of Measure: each (EA).
``Each'' means each door. Double doors are counted as 2 EA.
Considerations:
Includes replacing worn-out, damaged, or nonfunctioning
interior doors up to 4 wide and 8 tall, whether solid or
hollow core; wood, steel, fiberglass, or other standard-grade
material; casing; and hardware of all types.
Includes removing the old doors, doorframes, hardware, and
door closers (if any); installing new doorframes, hinges,
vision panes (if any), and doors; and replacing or reinstalling
the door casing, closers, and latches.
Does not include luxury-grade doors or custom replication of
fancy historic door styles. Use a custom item for such work.
Figure 32
[GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]
Photo of a wood-faced, flat-slab interior door and frame. The
face veneer is pulling away from the door on both sides.
This interior door is delaminated at the top and should be
replaced. Although only the door should be replaced (not the
frame or hardware), use item 07001 and its standard cost. To
improve accessibility, the knob should be replaced with a
lever-type handle.
Work Item 07002--Toilet Partitions, Per Stall, Remove/Replace
Definition: Remove and replace a toilet partition (figure 33) or
urinal screen (figure 34).
Typical Life Cycle: 20 years.
Partitions often need to be replaced because of vandalism or
abuse rather than for exceeding their expected life.
Unit of Measure: each (EA).
Count each complete stall or each urinal screen as 1 EA.
Considerations:
Includes removing and replacing all types and sizes of
partitions and doors, all types of hardware and mounting
systems, and cleaning up.
Replacement partitions should be the Forest Service
standard-solid phenolic resin. Because of durability and
graffiti concerns, do not install wood or painted metal
partitions in locations used by the public.
Figure 33
[GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]
Photo of part of four stalls in a restroom. The door of one
stall has been replaced with an unpainted piece of plywood,
fastened to the stall frame with heavy-duty hinges that don't
match the hinges on the rest of the stall doors.
Although the obvious problem is the mismatched plywood stall
door, all these partitions and doors are constructed of aging
plastic laminated to pressed board. The edges of the partitions
and doors are chipped, some are delaminating in places, and
some are warped. The doors and partitions should be replaced.
Figure 34
[GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]
Photo of a urinal and adjacent painted metal privacy screen.
The screen has extensive rust, especially on the portion that
is beside the urinal catch basin.
This urinal screen began to rust after the painted finish
became scratched and chipped. The screen should be replaced.
Work Item 07003--Drywall, Install & Taped, Remove/Replace
Definition: Remove and replace gypsum wallboard (figures 35 and
36).
Typical Life Cycle: 75 years.
Replacement is usually needed because of water damage,
vandalism, or abuse and is not typically related to the
expected life of the product.
Unit of Measure: square feet (SF).
Measure the replacement area to the center of the next nearest
support (stud, joist, etc.), because replacement material must be
fastened to a support. Calculate the total square feet to be replaced.
Considerations:
Includes taping and texturing \1/2\" or \5/8\" thick type X
gypsum wallboard (also called drywall, plasterboard, or
Sheetrock).
Includes removing other wall surfacing, such as plywood or
pressed-board paneling, and replacing it with gypsum wallboard.
Does not include painting. Use work item 09001 for painting.
Does not include in-kind replacement of plaster, premium
wood paneling, or other high-end wall surfaces. Use a custom
item for such work.
Figure 35
[GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]
Detail photo of part of a ceiling. Water drops cling to the
painted surface in three large areas. Water coming through the
ceiling caused the paint on one area to bubble down from the
ceiling.
Water damage from a leaking roof ruined this gypsum wallboard
ceiling. The paint is probably the only thing keeping the
ceiling in place, because exposure to water degrades the
structural integrity of ordinary gypsum wallboard. After the
roof is repaired, the gypsum wallboard ceiling should be
replaced. See item 16002--Environmental Mitigation, if there is
mold.
Figure 36
[GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]
Detail photo of part of a floor and wall next to an open
door. The bottom of the wall is fluted because of swelling and
delamination of the paper surface layer of the gypsum wallboard
caused by water.
Water damage from a burst pipe during the off-season caused a
flood in this crew-quarters building that damaged the bottom of
all the kitchen walls. The damaged gypsum wallboard should be
replaced.
Work Item 07004--Cabinets, Kitchen, Remove/Replace
Definition: Remove and replace built-in cabinetry and countertops
(figure 37).
Typical Life Cycle: 30 years.
Unit of Measure: linear feet (LF).
Measure linear feet along the wall from one end of the
cabinets to the other end.
All cabinets along the same wall are measured together for
this work item. The cost per linear foot includes base cabinets
and wall cabinets or either of these components alone. For
example, if only upper cabinets will be replaced, enter the
total length of the upper cabinets under this work item. Do not
reduce the length entered because the base cabinets will not be
replaced.
Considerations:
Includes removing and replacing all types of worn-out,
broken, or nonfunctioning cabinets, except laboratory cabinets,
in all locations. Use item 07005 for laboratory cabinets.
Includes countertops, base cabinets, wall cabinets, hinges,
and pulls.
Does not include cabinet repair or refinishing, which could
be operations or minor maintenance work or a custom work item
if the expense is significant.
Figure 37
[GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]
View of a kitchen wall with old wooden cabinets and a wide,
sliding, wood-framed window above the sink. The paint has come
off the cabinet drawers and doors in several places.
Although the doors are crooked and the drawers don't slide
easily, these cabinets are still functional. Because they are
sturdier than most modern cabinets, it may be better to fix
than to replace them, especially if they have historic
significance.
Work Item 07005--Cabinets, Laboratory, Remove/Replace
Definition: Remove and replace built-in laboratory cabinetry and
countertops (figures 38 and 39).
Typical Life Cycle: 40 years.
Unit of Measure: linear feet (LF).
Measure linear feet along the wall from one end of the
cabinets to the other end.
All cabinets along the same wall are measured together for
this work item. The cost per linear foot includes base cabinets
and wall cabinets or either of these components alone. For
example, if only base cabinets will be replaced, enter the
total length of the base cabinets under this work item. Do not
reduce the length entered because wall-hung upper cabinets are
not needed.
Considerations:
Includes removing and replacing worn-out, broken, or
nonfunctioning chemical-resistant countertops, base cabinets,
and wall cabinets.
Does not include cabinet repair or refinishing, which could
be operations or minor maintenance work, or a custom item if
the expense is significant.
Figure 38
[GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]
Photo of an old, painted steel base cabinet supporting a lab
sink. One cabinet door under the sink won't close completely.
This old lab cabinet has remained in use for more than 50
years, and it shows. Rust and pitting are extensive. The
cabinet should be replaced.
Figure 39
[GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]
Photo of a clear-finish wood cabinet supporting a lab sink
and counter. One cabinet door has a large horizontal scratch.
The cabinet finish is stained and deteriorating in a few
places.
This wooden lab cabinet and countertop look as though they
are in poor condition. However, a thorough cleaning and
refinishing will probably restore them. They still function
well.
Work Item 07006--Window, Remove/Replace
Definition: Remove and replace a window (figure 40).
Typical Life Cycle: 30 years.
Unit of Measure: each (EA).
Count each window unit as 1 EA. Window units are separated
by a section of wall or by a vertical support mullion, as shown
in figure 41. The paired components of sliding or double-hung
windows are counted as one window unit.
Considerations:
Includes removing and replacing existing windows with new
windows that meet the Forest Service standard (good quality,
thermally efficient). Includes all materials, equipment, and
scaffolding required to complete the work, including replacing
or repairing trim.
Includes replacing windows that should be tempered but often
aren't, such as windows near doors and stairways or within 18"
of the floor.
Includes replacing single-pane windows with new windows to
increase energy efficiency.
Does not include storefront windows (large expanses of glass
typically surrounding an entry door), which are custom work.
Does not include window repair (an operations or maintenance
expense) or rebuilding historic windows (a custom item).
Caution: for buildings that are eligible for or listed on
the National Register of Historic Places, it is often better to
rebuild and/or add storm windows rather than replacing original
windows. Such work is a custom item.
Figure 40
[GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]
Detail photo of part of a steel-frame, multi-pane window in a
painted brick wall. Two panes are cracked. The inside half of
part of the frame is missing and the glass is held in place at
the bottom by a 1" by 1" board.
It's difficult to tell in this photo, but the steel frame of
this window isn't in any better condition than the cracked
windowpanes. The frame is warped, rusted in places, and
partially missing. The window should be replaced.
Figure 41
[GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]
Photo of the inside of a lookout tower cab. A low cabinet,
low shelf, woodstove on a ceramic tile base, and an Osborne
Firefinder are visible, as are the catwalk rails, mountains,
valleys, and lake beyond the windows.
This photo shows nine windows separated by support mullions
and a door with three vision panes. Each window has four
windowpanes (lites). If you had to replace them all, you would
count nine each of work item 07006 (windows) and one each of
work item 06002 (exterior door).
Work Item 08001--Stairs, Interior, Remove/Replace
Definition: Remove and replace interior stairs (figure 42).
Typical Life Cycle: 40 years.
Unit of Measure: step, each (STEP, EA).
Count the stair risers to determine the number of steps.
Considerations:
Includes removing and replacing a complete flight of
interior stairs (including pull-down units) up to 42" wide,
constructed of any standard material, that are deteriorated or
don't meet code requirements for existing buildings.
Does not include replacing carpeting or other flooring for
the stairs or replacing railings. Use work items 09002, 09003,
09004, 09005, and 08002 for such work.
Does not include replacing flights of stairs more than 42"
wide (a custom item) or replacing one or two treads, which is
an operations or minor maintenance expense.
Figure 42
[GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]
Sideview photo of an interior stairway in a historic ranger's
house. An arrow and dimensions indicate the head clearance for
the stair is only 56".
The stairway of this early 20th century log house should be
replaced because it is unsafe and doesn't comply with building
codes for existing buildings. The stairway doesn't have enough
head clearance and the steps are too steep.
Work Item 08002--Railing, Stair, Guards and Handrails, Remove/Replace
Definition: Remove and replace interior handrails and guardrails
(figure 43).
Typical Life Cycle: 45 years.
Unit of Measure: linear feet (LF).
Measure the handrail and guardrail separately if they are
not integrated and both need to be replaced. Add the linear
feet of the handrail and the linear feet of the guardrail to
get the total linear feet.
Considerations:
Includes removing and replacing nonfunctional, worn-out, or
non-code-compliant handrails and guardrails constructed of any
common building material.
Figure 43
[GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]
Photo of an interior stairway looking at the top landing and
down the stairs. Mouse droppings and other debris litter the
floor and steps, but the structure is sound and undamaged. A
low hand rail is on the left and on the right is a guardrail
with a fancy newel post protecting the landing from the
stairwell dropoff.
This handrail is in good condition. It should be raised so
that it is 34" to 38" above the noses of the steps. The
guardrail should be rebuilt so that the top of the rail is 42"
above the floor. Because this structure is historic, the top
rail, newel cap, and newel base should be retained, refinished
and mounted atop longer balusters and a longer newel post that
have the same horizontal dimensions and appearance as the
originals.
Work Item 09001--Painting, Interior Walls and Ceiling, Includes Prep,
Prime and One Coat Latex
Definition: Prepare and paint interior walls, the ceiling, and trim
with prime and topcoat (figure 44).
Typical Life Cycle: 5 years.
Unit of Measure: square feet (SF).
Calculate the total square feet to be refinished. Do not
deduct for openings.
Considerations:
Includes repainting any common wall or ceiling surface, such
as gypsum wallboard, plaster, and pressed board.
Includes masking and providing floor protection; cleaning
and preparing the surface; priming or sealing; painting
interior walls, ceiling, and trim; and removing masking and
drop cloths.
Does not include removing lead-based paint. Use work item
16001 for removing lead-based paint.
Figure 44
[GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]
Photo of an inside corner of an attic room. The walls and
ceiling are covered with painted plywood with \1/2\" by 2" wood
battens over the seams.
The walls and ceiling of this second floor room already are
sanded in preparation for a badly needed repainting. The
varying depth of sanding indicates the paint was in very poor
condition.
Work Item 09002--Flooring, Carpet, Repair/Replacement
Definition: Remove and replace standard-quality carpet and padding
(figure 45).
Typical Life Cycle: 8 years.
Unit of Measure: square feet (SF).
Calculate the square feet of carpet to be replaced. Unless
carpet is unitized (carpet ``tiles''), extend the replacement
area to a logical joint, such as under a door. Do not ``patch''
sheet carpet in the middle of a room.
Considerations:
Includes removing damaged carpet and installing new carpet
and pad.
Includes moving furniture out of the room (if the room is
furnished) and moving it back in.
If the carpet is not badly worn or damaged, consider
cleaning it instead of replacing it. Cleaning would be
considered an operations cost.
Consider replacing sheet carpet with carpet tiles to make it
easier to remove and replace damaged sections, add floor
outlets, etc.
Figure 45
[GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]
Photo of a badly stained and severely worn level loop carpet
in an empty office.
This carpet has exceeded its useful life and should be
replaced. The pile is completely worn away in some areas, the
seam is raveling, and the staining is severe.
Work Item 09003--Flooring, Tile, Remove/Replace
Definition: Remove and replace wood, laminate, ceramic, or quarry
floor or wall tiles or boards (figures 46 and 47).
Typical Life Cycle: 30 years.
Unit of Measure: square feet (SF).
Calculate the square feet of flooring to be replaced.
b If the material can be matched exactly, replace only the area
that is damaged.
b If the material cannot be matched exactly, extend the replacement
area to a logical joint, such as under a door. Do not
install a mismatched ``patch'' in the middle of a room.
Considerations:
Includes removing and replacing damaged or excessively worn
ceramic, quarry, wood, or laminate wall tiles, floor tiles, or
flooring boards. Includes surface preparation.
Does not include refinishing existing wood flooring. Use
work item 09004 for refinishing.
Does not include vinyl or other composition flooring tiles.
Use work item 09005 for vinyl or composition flooring.
Does not include replacing underlayment, subfloor, or floor
joists. Such work is a custom item.
Figure 46
[GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]
Detail photo of a floor covered with 1" by 1" ceramic tiles
with narrow grout lines.
Many of the individual tiles in this floor are chipped or
cracked. If it is impossible to find matching tiles to
individually replace the bad tiles, the entire floor surface
should be replaced.
Figure 47
[GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]
Photo of part of a deteriorated narrow-width tongue and
groove wood floor.
The wood flooring of this lookout cabin is warped and pieces
are missing. The flooring should be completely replaced before
the building is returned to use.
Work Item 09004--Flooring, Wood, Sand and Refinish
Definition: Sand and refinish wood plank or tongue and groove
flooring (figure 48).
Typical Life Cycle: 10 years.
Unit of Measure: square feet (SF) of flooring to be refinished.
Calculate the square feet of the entire room. It's not
possible to satisfactorily refinish only a portion of a room's
wood floor.
Considerations:
Includes removing any remaining old finish and applying new
stain and a wear layer, as appropriate.
Does not include replacing wood flooring. Use work item
09003 for wood flooring.
Figure 48
[GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]
Photo of part of a narrow-width tongue and groove wood floor
beside a kitchen cabinet. The boards are still perfectly flat
and the joints are tight.
The finish of this wood floor is completely worn off in some
areas. The entire floor should be sanded and refinished.
Work Item 09005--Flooring, Vinyl, Remove/Replace
Definition: Remove and replace vinyl or other composition flooring,
either sheet (figure 49) or tile.
Typical Life Cycle: 18 years.
Unit of Measure: square feet (SF).
Calculate the square feet of flooring to be replaced.
b If the material can be matched exactly, measure the area that is
damaged to the nearest pattern line that will camouflage
the patch.
b If the material cannot be matched exactly, measure the
replacement area to a logical joint, such as under a door.
Do not install a mismatched ``patch'' in the middle of a
room.
Considerations:
Includes removing damaged flooring, preparing the surface,
and installing new vinyl flooring.
Does not include removing flooring that contains asbestos.
Asbestos tiles typically are 9" by 9". Test if uncertain. Use
work item 16001 for removing asbestos.
Figure 49
[GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]
Detail photo of part of a sheet vinyl floor. Arrows point to
large scratches and scrapes in two locations.
The wearing surface and color layer of this vinyl flooring
are completely scraped off in places. This damage cannot be
repaired. The flooring should be replaced.
Work Item 09006--Ceiling, Acoustic, Remove/Replace
Definition: Remove and replace acoustic ceiling tiles and the
support grid (figure 50).
Typical Life Cycle: 20 years.
Failure more typically results from water damage than
wearing out.
Unit of Measure: 100 square feet (CSF).
Calculate the square feet of the ceiling and divide by 100,
then round up to the nearest whole number.
Unless you can match the material exactly, replace the
ceiling of the entire room.
Considerations:
Includes setting up, securing, and taking down scaffold;
removing old ceiling tiles; removing the old ceiling grid;
installing the new ceiling grid; installing new ceiling tiles;
resetting existing light fixtures, diffusers, grills, etc.; and
sweeping and cleaning debris.
Does not include replacing light fixtures, diffusers, or
grills. Use work item 13004 for light fixtures. Replacing
diffusers or grills can be operations, minor maintenance, or a
custom item, depending on the extent and expense of the work.
Does not include replacing a couple of individual tiles in a
room. Such work is operations or minor maintenance.
Figure 50
[GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]
Photo of part of a suspended acoustic ceiling, including a
vent, a grill, and a fire sprinkler set into the ceiling
panels.
This ceiling has suffered repeated water damage. Previous
stains were covered with spray paint. Darker areas of the
ceiling are currently wet. The corners of some of the panels
are coming apart and the grid is beginning to rust (circled).
The panels should be replaced before they lose structural
integrity and fall down. Roof leaks should be corrected before
the ceiling is replaced. See item 16002--Environmental
Mitigation, if there is mold.
Work Item 10001--Toilet/Urinal Fixture, Remove/Replace
Definition: Remove and replace a toilet (figure 51) or urinal,
including flush valves.
Typical Life Cycle: 35 years.
Unit of Measure: each (EA).
Considerations:
Includes turning shutoff valves off and on, removing
fixtures, installing new wall- or floor-mounted fixtures
(including wax rings and other connectors), installing flush
valves and pipes, and checking operation. For public restrooms,
use elongated toilet bowls (not round) with open-front seats.
Includes replacing an old fixture to provide accessibility
for employees and the public. Refer to the Architectural
Barriers Act (ABA) Accessibility Standards at http://
www.access-board.gov/ for requirements.
Includes replacing old fixtures to reduce water use. Refer
to http://fsweb.wo.fs.fed.us/eng/programs/facilities/sus_green/
fix_pro.htm for new fixture testing and performance
information.
Does not include replacing grab bars or toilet seats, which
usually are operations or minor maintenance work.
Does not include replacing a flush valve only, which is an
operations or minor maintenance expense. Life expectancy for a
flush valve is 10 years.
Figure 51
[GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]
Photo of an old-style, tank-type toilet with an open-front
seat set in an alcove with a painted tile-patterned, pressed-
board wainscot on the lower half of the wall and composition
floor tiles.
This toilet from the 1930s still works, but it uses about 8
gallons of water per flush. Consider historic preservation and
accessibility requirements as well as water efficiency before
deciding whether to replace or modify historic fixtures in
historic buildings. Consult a mechanical engineer to learn
whether a historic fixture can be modified to use less water[.]
Work Item 10002--Lavatory Fixture, Remove/Replace
Definition: Remove and replace a sink, including faucets and drain
(figures 52 and 53).
Typical Life Cycle: 35 years.
Unit of Measure: each (EA).
Considerations:
Includes bathroom (lavatory) sinks, laundry room sinks, non-
freestanding single- and double-bowl kitchen sinks, and other
similar sinks.
Includes shutting off water (hot and cold); disconnecting
and removing sinks; and installing new sinks, faucets, drains,
and tubing.
Does not include oversize freestanding sinks or laboratory
sinks, which are custom work items.
Includes replacing sinks to provide accessibility for office
or crew-quarters restrooms or kitchens. Refer to the ABA
Accessibility Standards at http://www.access-board.gov/ for
requirements.
Figure 52
[GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]
Detail photo of a one-piece lavatory countertop with integral
sink, set on a base cabinet. One corner of the countertop is
cracked all the way through diagonally.
This combination lavatory and countertop is broken (circled)
and should be replaced.
Figure 53
[GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]
Detail photo of a double kitchen sink with dirty dishes
stacked in one bowl. A sign posted on the wall behind the sink
reads: ``Notice: Non-potable water. Not for drinking or
cleaning.['']
Although it has two bowls, this double kitchen sink would
count as ``1 each.'' A larger problem needs to be addressed,
however: the water is apparently nonpotable and not suitable
for washing the dishes that are stacked in the sink. To prevent
illness, water to the sink should be shut off until the water
system is restored to potability.
Work Item 10003--Tub/Shower Complete, Remove/Replace
Definition: Remove and replace a bathtub or shower, including
spout, faucet(s), and showerhead (figure 54).
Typical Life Cycle: 25 years.
Unit of Measure: each (EA).
Considerations:
Includes removing and replacing a tub, shower, or combo
unit, whether porcelain, tile, fiberglass, or other material.
Includes removing shower enclosures; installing new shower
enclosures; and installing new showerheads, arms, faucets and
drains, and valves.
Includes replacing showers or tubs to provide accessibility
in offices, fire stations, or crew quarters. Refer to the ABA
Accessibility Standards at http://www.access-board.gov/ for
requirements.
Does not include extensive reframing necessitated by severe
deterioration. Use a custom item for reframing.
Figure 54
[GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]
Photo of two steel shower stalls with open curtains. Rust is
on the inside and outside of the stalls.
These old metal shower stalls are rusted, allowing water to
escape from the walls and pans of the stalls. The stalls should
be replaced.
Work Item 10004--Drinking Fountain, Remove/Replace
Definition: Remove and replace a drinking fountain (figure 55).
Typical Life Cycle: 18 years.
Unit of Measure: each (EA).
Considerations:
Includes removing and replacing the complete old drinking
fountain or water cooler and installing a new water cooler
unit. Don't save or reuse an old refrigerated drinking
fountain.
Includes replacing water coolers or drinking fountains
because of compressor failure or to provide accessibility
(figure 56). Refer to the ABA Accessibility Standards at http:/
/www.access-board.gov/ for requirements.
Figure 55
[GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]
Photo of an old electrical panel with a wall-hung drinking
fountain directly below it and a wall phone to the right of it.
This is a very bad location for a drinking fountain. The
fountain must be outside the 36" clear area for the electrical
panel and should ideally be several feet away. The fountain
should be removed. It doesn't meet accessibility requirements.
If a drinking fountain is needed, install a new, accessible
fountain at a different location.
Figure 56
[GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]
These drawings show some of the clearance and size
requirements for accessible drinking fountains. Refer to the
Architectural Barriers Act Accessibility Standards for more
information about accessibility requirements.
Work Item 10005--Eye Wash, Remove/Replace
Definition: Remove and replace an eyewash station (figures 57 and
58).
Typical Life Cycle: 25 years.
Unit of Measure: each (EA).
Considerations:
Includes removing and replacing eye wash stations that are
worn-out, damaged, dysfunctional, or that cannot be sanitized.
Test existing units during the condition assessment
inspection to ensure that they are functional and easy to
access.
Figure 57
[GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]
Photo of a sink faucet with an eyewash station operated using
a squeeze lever and automatic flip-up spout covers. The eyewash
station has a retractable extension hose so it can be pulled
out and over the sink for use. The eyewash station is very
dirty and greasy, as are the sink, counter, and sink faucet.
This eyewash station is too dirty to ensure a rinse with
uncontaminated water. If a thorough cleaning isn't sufficient
to return it to a sanitary condition, it should be replaced.
Figure 58
[GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]
Photo of a dirty, stained sink with a very old eyewash
station mounted on the end of a chrome sink faucet with an
``X''-type handle. The eyewash spouts look like sink faucet
aerators and have no protective covers. Beside the eye wash is
a rough-plumbed pipe extending from the wall with a wheel-type
handle and an elbow to a downturned discharge opening that
serves as the sink faucet.
The lack of protective covers and an easy-to-operate
activator make this eyewash station unsuitable for use. It
clearly should be replaced.
Work Item 10006--Water Heater, Remove/Replace
Definition: Remove and replace an electric or gas water heater
(figure 59) or small boiler (figure 60).
Typical Life Cycle: 15 years.
Unit of Measure: each (EA).
Considerations:
Includes completely removing and replacing commercial water
heaters (propane, natural gas, or electric) or small boilers up
to about 150,000 British thermal units (Btu) per hour,
including valves, venting, etc.
b Includes an anti-scald device and a pop-off valve with a
discharge pipe plumbed to a floor drain or to the outside.
b Includes seismic restraints, as required locally.
b Includes installing to code standards, including piping,
clearances, and elevation of the heater 18" above the floor
if it's in a garage or shop.
b Includes checking operation after installation.
Includes replacing water heaters to improve energy
efficiency--older units typically are 60-percent efficient,
while new condensing units are 90-percent efficient or more.
Figure 59
[GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]
Photo of an old-style hot-water storage tank that is about
16" in diameter and 66" tall. It is piped at the bottom to the
cold-water supply, and hot water would exit the top. To the
left are the severed ends of the pipes near the bottom and top
of the tank that used to connect the heating coils inside the
tank to the heat-extracting coils inside a wood stove.
This old tank held water that was heated by coils inside a
wood heat or cook stove that was removed. The tank should be
replaced if hot water is still needed at this location.
Figure 60
[GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]
Photo of an old vertical-tank gas boiler with a large exhaust
flue and 1\1/2\" diameter cold- and hot-water pipes entering
and leaving the boiler to the left of the photo. Exposed
single-strand plastic-coated wires connect various sensors and
controls on the boiler tank.
This old boiler may work, but it probably runs inefficiently,
and the exposed wiring connections are not safe. It should be
replaced.
Work Item 10007--Gas/LP Yard Line, Remove/Replace
Definition: Remove and replace underground natural gas, propane
(figure 61), or fuel oil piping.
Typical Life Cycle: 30 years.
Unit of Measure: linear feet (LF).
Measure and include the vertical portions of the line at the
tank and up the outside of the building, as well as the
horizontal line.
Considerations:
Includes completely replacing a rusted, corroded, deformed,
or leaking gas or oil underground service line.
b Includes piping and fittings, as well as trenching and backfill
to the building, from either an above-ground or buried
tank.
b Includes replacing hard or soft copper, black iron, or
polyethylene lines with code-compliant, properly sized
materials.
b Includes obtaining a permit, where required.
b Includes checking for breaks or leaks before removing the old
line and checking for leaks after installing the new line.
Check with the local fuel supplier; they may be responsible
for part of the work.
Ensure that the tank is the proper distance from the
building and openings. Refer to http://www.propane101.com/
propanetankdistancerules.htm.
Use detergent in water to check for leaks on exposed parts.
Refer to http://www.propane101.com/checkingforgasleaks.htm.
Figure 61
[GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]
Photo showing one wall of a wood-sided building on the left
and a large propane tank about 20 from the building on the
right. Shrubs and a couple of large conifer tree trunks are
visible between the building and the tank. A gas pipe runs
partway up the building wall and extends into the building. At
the tank, a regulator perches atop a gas pipe that runs from
the tank into the ground,
What's underground between the propane tank and the building?
The consequences can be severe if the line is defective.
Defective lines should be replaced immediately.
Work Item 11001--Pump, Circulation, Water or HVAC, Remove/Replace
Definition: Remove and replace a booster, vacuum, or circulation
pump (figure 62), including mounts, connections, and controls.
Typical Life Cycle: 20 years.
Unit of Measure: each (EA).
Considerations:
Includes circulation pumps, booster pumps, and vacuum pumps
up to about 3 horsepower, including controls.
Includes needed upgrades of support, vibration mounts,
isolation valves, flexible connections, disconnects, and
similar items to ensure efficient operation.
Includes removing flanged connection pumps, replacing pumps
and motor assemblies, and installing new flanged connection
pumps.
Does not include potable water, irrigation, or wastewater
pumps in pump/control houses or outside. Such pumps are covered
under water and wastewater maintenance or improvement.
Figure 62
[GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]
Close-up photo of a circulation pump mounted on a concrete
pedestal and connected to insulated piping at the top and left
side. The pump motor is on the right side of the pump.
The motor on this pump looks newer than the pump and
fittings. The extent of rust and the pump's marginal
performance indicate that the pump and fittings should be
replaced.
Work Item 11002--Boiler, Remove/Replace
Definition: Remove and replace a large boiler that uses any fuel
(figure 63).
Typical Life Cycle: 30 years.
Unit of Measure: each (EA).
Considerations:
Includes boilers from about 150,000 Btu per hour up to about
2 million Btu per hour, including connections and fittings.
Old boilers may be cast iron, steel, copper fin, or
condensing type.
Includes replacing boilers to improve energy efficiency.
Figure 63
[GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]
Photo of a small modern boiler in a rectangular housing that
is about 2 wide by 2 high by 4 deep. The boiler is connected
to insulated water and glycol pipes and a natural gas line. A
gas flue extends from the top of the boiler.
This relatively new and efficient 1 million Btu boiler is
about \1/4\ the size of an older, equal-capacity boiler. This
boiler is only about 10 years old and is in good condition.
Work Item 11003--Cooling Tower, Remove/Replace--Average 50 Ton
Definition: Remove and replace a cooling tower and its
appurtenances (figure 64).
Typical Life Cycle: 15 years.
Unit of Measure: each (EA).
Considerations:
Includes completely removing and replacing worn-out cooling
towers and appurtenances. Unit cost is based on a 50 to 100 ton
cooling tower.
Includes towers located indoors in a mechanical room or
outdoors on a roof or in a separate tower.
Cooling towers typically are used in conjunction with water-
cooled chillers (work item 11004).
Figure 64
[GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]
Photo of a large-enough-to-walk-into cooling tower enclosure.
On the front are an access door and controls. A cylindrical
pressure tank sits on the top. Ductwork on the right exhausts
hot air, and pipes connect to the chiller in figure 65.
This indoor cooling tower was installed in 1962 and is still
operating satisfactorily more than 50 years later. It has far
exceeded the typical operating life for cooling towers.
Work Item 11004--Chiller, Water Cooled, Remove/Replace--Average 50 Ton
Definition: Remove and replace a water-cooled chiller, including
its appurtenances (figure 65).
Typical Life Cycle: 20 years.
Unit of Measure: each (EA).
Considerations:
Includes removing and replacing worn-out centrifugal-,
screw-, or piston and cylinder-type chillers or water coolers,
50 to 100 ton capacity, including fittings and connections.
Water-cooled chillers typically are used in conjunction with
cooling towers (work item 11003).
Units with 60 to 100 tons of cooling capacity are common at
Forest Service labs.
Figure 65
[GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]
Photo of the front of the rectangular control box, support
frame, cooling tube, and compressor of a chiller that cools
refrigerant for air conditioning. Numerous wires and pipes
connect to the chiller.
This indoor chiller, installed in 1962, uses water from the
cooling tower shown in figure 64. It has far exceeded the
typical operating life for chillers. It is inefficient and
replacement parts are becoming difficult to obtain. Both the
chiller and cooling tower should be replaced in the near
future.
Work Item 11005--Chiller, Air Cooled, Remove/Replace
Definition: Remove and replace an air-cooled chiller, including its
appurtenances (figure 66).
Typical Life Cycle: 15 years.
Unit of Measure: each (EA).
Considerations:
Includes removing and replacing worn-out, air-cooled
chillers, 50 to 100 ton capacity, including fittings and
connections.
Includes air-cooled chillers in any location (typically
outside on a pad or on the roof).
Units with 70 to 100 tons of cooling capacity are common at
Forest Service labs.
Figure 66
[GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]
Photo of two Forest Service employees inspecting the housing
for four outdoor chillers. The housing is about 8 wide by 6
tall by 12 deep. Grills constitute most of the left side of
the enclosure, and four fan guards are on the top. Two large
insulated pipes run from the left side of the enclosure through
the supporting concrete slab.
These chillers still work, but they are inefficient and
repair parts are becoming difficult to find. They should be
replaced within a few years.
Work Item 11006--Replace Condenser, Air Cooled, 5 Ton
Definition: Remove and replace an air-cooled condenser (figure 67).
Typical Life Cycle: 15 years.
Unit of Measure: each (EA).
Considerations:
Includes removing and replacing a residential or light
commercial air-cooled condenser up to 5 tons of cooling
capacity, including fittings and connections.
Includes replacing pipe because of new refrigerant
requirements.
Includes replacing a condenser to improve energy efficiency,
to convert to ozone-saving refrigerants, because the
refrigerant pipe insulation is damaged, because it has
inadequate clearance, because it is not level, or because it
has bent fins or guards.
Does not include larger units up to about 60 tons that are
common at Forest Service labs. Use a custom item for condensers
with more than 5 tons of cooling capacity.
Figure 67
[GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]
Photo of a condenser outside a building. mounted on a 1 high
metal stand. Liquid and electric lines run between the
condenser and the building. A fuse box on the wall serves the
electric lines that run from the building to the condenser. The
three sides of the condenser that do not face the building are
covered with grills.
This 3 ton condensing unit is only about 5 years old and is
in pretty good condition. It should continue to work well for
many more years.
Work Item 11007--Replace Furnace
Definition: Remove and replace a furnace (figure 68), heat pump
(figure 69), wood heat stove, or pellet stove.
Typical Life Cycle: 15 years for heat pumps; 20 years for furnaces;
10 to 30 years or more for stoves.
Unit of Measure: each (EA).
Considerations:
Includes electric, liquid propane, fuel oil, natural gas,
wood, coal, or pellet furnaces; water-source or air-source heat
pump blower coil units; or free-standing gas, wood, or pellet
heat stoves about 20,000 to 150,000 Btu per hour. Includes
venting and connection to fuel lines, ductwork, electric power,
etc.
Includes replacing heating systems to improve energy
efficiency.
Does not include heat pumps with underground or underwater
exchange tubing, which are custom items.
Does not include replacing carbon monoxide detectors. Use
work item 13006 for carbon monoxide detectors.
Does not include clearing heat pump condensate lines and
terminations, increasing clearance from combustibles, repairing
leaks in piping, or changing filters, all of which normally are
operations or minor maintenance work.
Does not include replacing masonry flues or chimneys, which
are custom items.
Figure 68
[GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]
Photo of the cast iron front of an old, rusty furnace. Doors
for flue cleanout, access to the firebox, access to the vapor
fan, and access to the ash pan are arrayed vertically, and a
long cleaning lever is at the left.
This pre-1930 Sunbeam Fox 1044-BDA model is a ductless
furnace. Although it's possible that it has been well
maintained and is safe to operate, it's definitely not as
efficient as modern furnaces. It should be replaced.
Figure 69
[GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]
Photo of two roughly cube-shaped heat pumps mounted or,
concrete pads outside a vinyl-sided Forest Service office with
a stone-faced base. The concrete pads have settled and aren't
level. The heat pumps have grills on the front and sides.
These air-source heat pumps would probably operate acceptably
if they were sitting on level pads. The heat pumps are old and
not very efficient, however, so they probably should be
replaced.
Work Item 11008--Replace Package Terminal HVAC Unit
Definition: Remove and replace a package air-conditioning unit
(figures 70 and 71).
Typical Life Cycle: 10 years.
Unit of Measure: each (EA).
Considerations:
Includes removing and replacing worn-out or inoperative
through-wall, gas-pack, hotel-type, rooftop, window, suspended-
ceiling, or small ductless split-system air conditioners,
including fittings and connections, controls, fan motors,
compressors, condensers, and refrigerant.
Includes replacing air conditioners (which vary a lot in
efficiency) to reduce energy use.
Figure 70
[GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]
Photo of a very rusty outside condenser. One of the two
electrical conduits has separated from the condenser, exposing
two wires.
This split-system air conditioner is severely corroded. If it
hasn't already failed, it will soon. It should be replaced.
Figure 71
[GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]
Photo of an air conditioner mounted nearly flush with the
interior wall of an office, surrounded by wood trim.
This window-type air conditioner is permanently mounted in
the wall. Check the manufacturer's literature. If this
nonstandard installation is unsafe, the air conditioner should
be replaced.
Work Item 11009--Unit Heater, Remove/Replace
Definition: Remove and replace an electric (figures 72 and 73) or
gas unit heater.
Typical Life Cycle: 15 years.
Unit of Measure: each (EA).
Considerations:
Includes removing and replacing unsafe, damaged, or
inefficient gas or electric unit heaters (single-room size) or
gas-fired radiant or infrared tube heaters, including fittings
and connections.
Does not include replacing carbon monoxide monitors if the
heaters are gas or oil fired. Use work item 13006 for carbon
monoxide detectors.
Figure 72
[GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]
Photo of a boxy electric heater with a discharge face
slightly tilted down from vertical, suspended from the ceiling
by two angled metal rods. The wiring is inside flexible
conduit.
This 5 kilowatt horizontal electric unit heater is suspended
from the ceiling. The wiring installation is inelegant, but all
the wiring is protected inside conduit.
Figure 73
[GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]
Photo of an electric heater suspended about 1 below the
ceiling from a frame made from steel L-shaped, perforated bars.
Air intakes are on the sides and discharge is downward.
Many heaters are designed to be mounted with a specific
orientation and are hazardous if mounted improperly. This
electric heater was designed to be installed vertically on a
wall. It should be replaced with a heater designed to be
suspended from a ceiling.
Work Item 12001--Compressor, Air, Remove/Replace
Definition: Remove and replace a permanently mounted air compressor
(figures 74 and 75).
Typical Life Cycle: 25 years.
Unit of Measure: each (EA).
Considerations:
Includes removing and replacing worn-out, damaged, or
inoperable air compressors that are permanently mounted to a
building.
Does not include portable air compressors, which are
personal property.
Does not include monthly checks on compressors required by
OSHA, which is operations work.
Figure 74
[GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]
Photo of a floor-mounted permanently wired and piped air
compressor inside a screened alcove.
This compressor in a laboratory building is typical of
permanently mounted compressors that serve pressure air lines.
It operates well and will probably continue to do so for many
more years.
Figure 75
[GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]
Photo of a large air-compressor tank with two motors on top
that have separate switches. Several notes and tags with
operating instructions are attached to the tank and wiring
conduit.
This permanently mounted compressor is part of an HVAC
system. Although it's not new, it has been well maintained and
works well.
Work Item 12002--Elevator, Remove/Replace
Definition: Remove and replace an elevator that serves up to three
stories (figures 76 and 77).
Typical Life Cycle: 50 years.
Unit of Measure: each (EA).
Considerations:
Includes removing and replacing inoperative or unsafe
elevators or lifts serving two or three stories, or installing
a new elevator that is needed to provide accessibility.
Does not include elevators for high-rise buildings or other
long vertical distances. For instance, replacing the elevator
that descends 216 into Blanchard Springs Caverns on the Ozark
National Forest would be a custom item.
Does not include annual state inspections, repairing leaks
in oil reservoirs and piping, or repairing faulty emergency
phones, all of which are operations work.
Figure 76
[GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]
Photo of an elevator door and frame with a bronze metallic
finish. A single elevator call button is on the wall beside the
frame. The numeral 2 is attached to the elevator door and
another numeral 2 is attached to the doorframe.
This elevator was installed more than 30 years ago. Although
the finish on the door and trim is a little worn, it has many
years of service left if it is properly maintained.
Figure 77
[GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]
Photo of part of a two-story lobby with a balcony guarded by
an open metal mesh rail at the second floor. Elevator doors are
on both the lobby and balcony levels.
This elevator was installed when the building was constructed
in 2002. It serves two floors and is a typical size for a
Forest Service elevator. It has had a few operational problems
that have been corrected promptly. It is serviced regularly and
should continue to work well for a long time.
Work Item 12003--Laboratory Fume Hood/Exhaust Hood, Remove/Replace
Definition: Remove and replace an enclosed laboratory fume hood
(figure 78).
Typical Life Cycle: 30 years.
Unit of Measure: each (EA).
Considerations:
Includes removing and replacing worn-out or inoperative
laboratory-type fume hoods, fume hoods used for painting small
items, and other similar enclosed or semi-enclosed countertop
exhaust hoods.