[House Hearing, 113 Congress] [From the U.S. Government Publishing Office] INNOVATION AS A CATALYST FOR NEW JOBS ======================================================================= HEARING before the SUBCOMMITTEE ON ECONOMIC GROWTH, TAX AND CAPITAL ACCESS OF THE COMMITTEEE ON SMALL BUSINESS UNITED STATES HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ONE HUNDRED THIRTEENTH CONGRESS FIRST SESSION __________ HEARING HELD APRIL 18, 2013 __________ [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT] Small Business Committee Document Number 113-012 Available via the GPO Website: www.fdsys.gov _____ U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 80-821 WASHINGTON : 2013 ----------------------------------------------------------------------- For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512-1800; DC area (202) 512-1800 Fax: (202) 512-2104 Mail: Stop IDCC, Washington, DC 20402-0001 HOUSE COMMITTEE ON SMALL BUSINESS SAM GRAVES, Missouri, Chairman STEVE CHABOT, Ohio STEVE KING, Iowa MIKE COFFMAN, Colorado BLAINE LUETKEMER, Missour MICK MULVANEY, South Carolina SCOTT TIPTON, Colorado JAIME HERRERA BEUTLER, Washington RICHARD HANNA, New York TIM HUELSKAMP, Kansas DAVID SCHWEIKERT, Arizona KERRY BENTIVOLIO, Michigan CHRIS COLLINS, New York TOM RICE, South Carolina NYDIA VELAZQUEZ, New York, Ranking Member KURT SCHRADER, Oregon YVETTE CLARKE, New York JUDY CHU, California JANICE HAHN, California DONALD PAYNE, JR., New Jersey GRACE MENG, New York BRAD SCHNEIDER, Illinois RON BARBER, Arizona ANN McLANE KUSTER, New Hampshire PATRICK MURPHY, Florida Lori Salley, Staff Director Paul Sass, Deputy Staff Director Barry Pineles, Chief Counsel Michael Day, Minority Staff Director C O N T E N T S OPENING STATEMENTS Page Hon. Tom Rice.................................................... 1 Hon. Judy Chu.................................................... 2 WITNESSES Jack Roach, Director, Southeastern Institute of Manufacturing Technology, Florence, SC....................................... 4 Julie Lenzer Kirk, Co-Chair, Startup Maryland, Columbia, MD...... 6 Steve Johnson, President and CEO, CreatiVasc, Greenville, SC..... 9 Michael D. McGeary, Co-Founder, Engine Advoacy, San Francisco, CA 11 APPENDIX Prepared Statements: Jack Roach, Director, Southeastern Institute of Manufacturing Technology, Florence, SC................................... 25 Julie Lenzer Kirk, Co-Chair, Startup Maryland, Columbia, MD.. 28 Steve Johnson, President and CEO, CreatiVasc, Greenville, SC. 33 Michael D. McGeary, Co-Founder, Engine Advoacy, San Francisco, CA.............................................. 40 Questions for the Record: None. Answers for the Record: None. Additional Material for the Record: James Bessen, Boston University School of Law and Michael J. Meurer, Boston University School of Law, submitted by Hon. Judy Chu................................................... 44 CONNECT - An Innovation Agenda for the 113th Congress, submitted by Hon. Judy Chu................................. 80 INNOVATION AS A CATALYST FOR NEW JOBS ---------- Thursday, April 18, 2013 House of Representatives, Committee on Small Business, Subcommittee on Economic Growth, Tax and Capital Access, Washington, DC. The Subcommittee met, pursuant to call, at 10:00 a.m., in Room 2360, Rayburn House Office Building. Hon. Tom Rice [Chairman of the subcommittee] presiding. Present: Representatives Rice, Chabot, Schweikert, Chu, and Barber. Chairman RICE. Good morning. Thanks for being with us today. I now call this hearing to order. Today's hearing is the first in a series that will examine how to bolster America's competitiveness and propel economic growth through innovation and entrepreneurship. America is the most innovative nation in the world. As a global hotspot of breakthroughs and emerging technologies, entrepreneurs have embraced our country's creative spirit for decades and have brought innovations into the marketplace creating jobs and spurring economic growth. Only 20 years ago, the transformative ``IT Wave'' struck the nation, generating new industries, and with it, new jobs and heightened economic prosperity. Currently, we stand at a critical juncture. The United States remains number one in innovation, but with unemployment at 7.6 percent and a sluggish economy, communities across the nation are fighting to regain strength and bring back economic prosperity. The question remains - where do these new jobs come from and how can America's competitive advantage in innovation drive economic growth? To address this question, various entities are taking a variety of approaches to capitalize on America's innovative spirit. For example, in my district, we have the Southeastern Institute of Manufacturing and Technology's Manufacturing Incubator Center, that aids startup manufacturers to transform innovative ideas into commercial products. This sort of focus reinvigorates local communities and recognizes the unique strengths of South Carolina's 7th Congressional District, and I am happy to have Mr. Roach, the Director of the Southeastern Institute of Manufacturing and Technology, with us here today to discuss their work. Additionally, ADP, human capital management solutions company, which has an office in my district, works with small businesses to find innovative solutions to their business challenges. While a representative of ADP was unable to be here today, I wanted to highlight the work that they and similar companies are doing around the country to help small businesses innovate to address challenges with everyday tasks such as cash flow, regulatory and tax compliance, and human resource management. It is evident that creating innovation-friendly conditions is necessary to allow entrepreneurs to thrive and generate new jobs, yet for each community, this may mean something different. Today's witnesses truly understand the challenge and conditions necessary to succeed, and I thank you all for being here. And I look forward to your testimony. I now yield to Ranking Member Chu for her opening remarks. Ms. CHU. Thank you, Chairman Rice. And before I begin, I want to congratulate you on your appointment as chair to this Subcommittee on Economic Growth, Taxes, and Capital Access. Chairman Rice certainly knows about small business economics and taxes. He owned his own tax law practice before he came to Congress, so he is certainly well qualified and I look forward to working closely with Chairman Rice on the many critical issues facing this Committee. Today's hearing is the first in a series that will focus on making America more competitive. Innovation is at the center of what makes America the greatest nation in the world. The ability to turn new ideas into reality drives the U.S. economy forward, creating entirely new industries and the employment opportunities that come with them. It comes as no surprise that small business startups are responsible for leading this charge, seizing on opportunities and growing rapidly. America has a long tradition of cultivating innovation. About 40 percent of Nobel Prizes have been awarded to American citizens, and almost half of the world's 100 most innovative companies are located right here in the United States. Whether it was providing electricity throughout the country, putting men on the moon, developing the Internet, or decoding the human genome, we can be proud of our legacy of discovery. Not only that, these innovative new businesses created new jobs, an average of 3 million a year. However, though America has the largest economy in the world, a highly-skilled workforce, top tier companies, and a second-to-none higher education system, there are signs that America's innovative performance is beginning to slip. In the most recent world economic forum, rankings of the national global competitiveness, the U.S. dropped from fifth to seventh place. In fact, in 2008, America ranked number one but we have been steadily outranked ever since. We can reverse this trend if we take certain key and critical steps. This means investing in education, funding federal research and development, strengthening our patent system, and reforming our nation's immigration system. Because of the timeliness of the last two issues, I'd like to make a few comments on them. Patents certainly incentivize creativity and innovation, rewarding people for their ideas. Businesses must also know that our nation's patent system is strong and their intellectual property will be protected. If we want to encourage more startups to invest in their businesses here in the U.S., then it is critical for us to ensure that their developments receive the protection they need. As a member of the Judiciary Subcommittee on Intellectual Property, I am happy to say that we did pass a law providing the greatest reform to patent law in 40 years. We are also, however, continuing discussions on supporting innovations through patents. Just yesterday we had a hearing examining the effect of abusive patent litigation. Unfortunately, there are bad players out there that abuse the system and impose obstacles for real innovative startups. Companies called patent assertion entities are what some call patent trolls, acquiring patents that they had no role in developing. Their business model is to sue companies that have related products and then seek as many settlements as they can for profit. According to a recent Boston University study, 90 percent of defendants in these suits are small- and medium-size companies. This poses a significant problem for startups, especially technology startups, and I am hopeful that we can find a solution to this issue. Comprehensive immigration reform is a key issue in Congress right now and is certainly related to the issue of innovation. Immigrants have made extraordinary contributions to America's innovation. Twenty-five percent of the highest growth companies in America, including iconic success stories like Intel, Google, Yahoo, and eBay were started by immigrants. In Silicon Valley, the world's hub of innovation, immigrants helped found half of all technology companies, many of which were small startups. But many of these high tech companies cannot find the workers they need because there are not enough applicants trained in STEM--that is science, technology, engineering, and math. To make matters worse, immigrants who study in the U.S. and want to make their great new idea a reality, cannot get visas to stay and work on their startup. Instead, they are taking the next Google back home instead of growing it right here in America. It is not just employment-based visas that are critical to the success of the technology industry. We will not be able to attract the best and brightest if they cannot live and work in the U.S. with their families by their sides. Immigrants are twice as likely to start a business as native-borns, and there are many who come to the U.S. through family visas. Jerry Yang, the founder of Yahoo, is a perfect example. His mother brought him from Taiwan to America when he was 10-years-old on a family visa. Despite knowing only one English word, shoe, upon arrival, Yang went on to master the language and thrive in his new home, ultimately founding one of the world's largest Internet companies. He created thousands of American jobs and provides a service that allows millions of Americans to be more productive. I believe a strong immigration system needs to work for our small and innovative businesses. We must reform our system so that our small businesses have the workers they need and that the students educated here can keep their ideas and businesses in America. With this in mind, I am looking forward to today's hearing which will provide insights into what our country can do to be one of the most innovative and competitive economies in the world. I would also like to submit two documents for the record under unanimous consent--one documenting the cost to our American system of abusive patent litigation and the other, policy recommendations from Connect, a successful program linking inventors and entrepreneurs with the resources they need. Thank you. And I yield back. Chairman RICE. Thank you, ma'am. Without further delay, let us get to the witnesses. I appreciate every one of you all taking your time and making the trek here to Washington to be with us to help educate us and the public about what we can do to foster innovation. I see us as the greatest country that has ever been on earth, and we have so much potential. And what we need to do is do everything we can to foster that. So starting out with Mr. Roach, Mr. Roach and I are acquaintances. He is the Director of the Southeastern Institute of Manufacturing and Technology, which is in South Carolina in my District. And just so you know, my District, eight counties in South Carolina with the national employment rate at 7.6 percent, statewide unemployment rate 8.6 percent, not one of my eight countries is even at the state unemployment rate. We have got a lot of work to do, and it is through institutions like the one that Mr. Roach is the director of that we are going to start to deal with this problem. I have got one county in my district, Marion County, South Carolina, 19.2 percent unemployment. So there is a lot of work to be done. Mr. Roach, if you want to--I thank you again for being here. If you want to tell a little bit about you and what the Southeastern Institute of Manufacturing and Technology does, I sure would appreciate that. STATEMENTS OF JACK ROACH, DIRECTOR, SOUTHEASTERN INSTITUTE OF MANUFACTURING AND TECHNOLOGY; JULIE LENZER KIRK, CO-CHAIR, STARTUP MARYLAND; STEVE JOHNSON, PRESIDENT AND CEO, CREATIVASC; MICHAEL D. MCGEARY, CO-FOUNDER ENGINE ADVOCACY. STATEMENT OF JACK ROACH Mr. ROACH. Thank you, Congressman Rice. I am the director of the Southeastern Institute of Manufacturing and Technology. It is a wholly owned division of Florence-Darlington Technical College, which is in Florence, South Carolina. Historically, innovation has created the bulk of American jobs, and we believe it will most certainly be the force that creates jobs tomorrow. We also believe that creativity and innovation are critical to the success of business, industry, and the economy. The SiMT, as we call it, was created to provide support services to existing businesses and entrepreneurs, to help them be successful. Both existing companies and entrepreneurs tend to be in need of some of the same things. These typically include technology, customers, capital, and talent. The SiMT offers services in support of all these areas. Since we opened the doors of our 177,000 square feet Advanced Manufacturing Center in August of 2007, we have worked on projects for over 200 clients, with approximately one-quarter of those being entrepreneurs working on innovative new product ideas. In support of the first need, that being technology, we offer services in computer aided design, rapid prototyping/ additive manufacturing, as well as reverse engineering. Additionally, our 3D-Virtual Reality Center can develop content that allows clients to do both product and process visualization and simulation, and virtual prototyping. We have provided these services to clients that range from Fortune 500 companies to entrepreneurs-inventors who come to us with a sketch on the back of a napkin--very common. The person that comes to us with a napkin sketch, and many small manufacturers, need a resource like SiMT to get their new product innovations to market. We become a part of their product development team, and in some cases we become their entire product development team. To help our clients with their second need, which is customers for their new product ideas, we create many sales and marketing visual presentations for our clients. These could be a product simulation shown on a laptop computer, or an Internet-based product demonstration. We use many tools, including virtual and augmented reality software to create compelling visualizations of new product concepts. Entrepreneurs, particularly, use these visual applications to sell their product idea to both potential customers and investors. Several of our client entrepreneurs have been able to generate enough interest in their product idea to secure funding for their business startup. In some cases, they were even able to procure purchase orders for their product from established retail companies, such as Home Depot or Lowe's. The third need, capital, is always tough to come by for innovative entrepreneurs. We are not in the venture capital business. We cannot offer seed money to a client to get his business going. However, what we can do is offer them some ways to leverage the capital they do have. In September of 2012, we finished construction of our new 28,000 square foot Manufacturing and Business Incubator facility. This facility provides startup companies both office and light manufacturing space, which is reasonably priced. It has a potential to house up to 26 different startup companies. It provides amenities found in most business incubators--things like Internet access, telephone service, conference and meeting rooms, shared copiers and printers, and shared commons areas where tenants can network together. Additionally, in partnership with our local Small Business Development Center, we offer training sessions for tenants on subject areas related to running a small business. Additionally, this new Manufacturing and Business Incubator facility is adjacent to our existing Advanced Manufacturing Center, which houses our large machining center. The machining center has state-of-the-art equipment, such as CNC machining centers, water-jet cutting, and an inspection metrology lab. An incubator tenant that may have a limited need for this type of equipment may procure time on our equipment instead of buying their own. Access to our capital machinery can help get their business off the ground, while preserving their precious operating capital. We currently have our first client tenant in the Manufacturing and Business Incubator facility. The company, MatrixXcom, was recently accepted into the Mentor-Protege Program that the Federal government has by Homeland Security. They feel that when they are up to full production capacity they will employ as many as 200 people in our local market. We have two more companies that we are currently working with to finish their product development. Ultimately, they will move into our incubator as well. The fourth need is talent, and it is almost universally in short supply today. Companies across the country say they cannot find enough skilled workers to meet their needs. Our parent organization, Florence-Darlington Technical College has its roots in training skilled workers for local industry. The SiMT carries on that tradition. We provide customized workforce development training solutions for client companies. When a startup company needs to train a new workforce or an existing company's desires to raise the skill level of its current workforce, they can get that specialized training at the SiMT. In conclusion, as communities look for ways to create jobs and drive economic growth, many are finding innovation to be a key element and startup companies to be the real job creators. The Southeastern Institute of Manufacturing and Technology is an initiative to support the innovators and entrepreneurs in its home state of South Carolina, as well as the southeastern region of the United States. Thank you. Chairman RICE. Thank you, Mr. Roach. Our second witness is Julie Lenzer Kirk. Ms. Kirk is the Co-Chair of Startup Maryland, which brings entrepreneurs together throughout Maryland to stimulate innovation and drive economic growth across the state. Startup Maryland was launched on March 30, 2012, and is one of the regional initiatives within the Startup America Partnership. A serial entrepreneur herself, Ms. Kirk founded her first company, Applied Creative Technologies, in 1995. Thank you for testifying today, Ms. Kirk. You may begin. STATEMENT OF JULIE LENZER KIRK Ms. LENZER KIRK. Thank you. Good morning, Chairman Rice, Ranking Member Chu. I am honored to have the opportunity to talk to you about innovation as a job creator. It is a topic that is very near and dear to my heart. As you mentioned, I am a serial entrepreneur. I call it a ``recovering entrepreneur,'' but I am not recovering very well because I surround myself by that which I am trying to recover from. But really, in my current role as co-chair of Startup Maryland, and as the executive director of the Maryland Center for Entrepreneurship in Columbia, Maryland, I feel fortunate to be surrounded by innovation every day. We have entrepreneurs and aspiring entrepreneurs coming in to us with incredible ideas and inventions and they are just looking for the resources that they need to help build their businesses. Raymond Cooper is an example of one gentleman who had a great idea. He had filed a patent for his invention. It is an innovative design for a wind turbine that is smaller and more efficient than current designs that are out there. But once he did that he was not really sure where to go to get the help and the resources that he needed. It is not until he stepped onto the Startup Maryland bus that he found the resources that he needed. It was actually on the advice of his mother who saw the bus on TV that the 39-year-old gentleman came out to Bethesda, Maryland on the second to last stop of our two and a half week tour across the state so that he could pitch his business idea. Little did he know that this unplanned visit to this big yellow bus with the Maryland State flag draped across it, that that would be the catalyst that was going to help him take his invention into the marketplace and go from being a dreamer to a doer, which is what we focus on. Contrary to what many people think after seeing phenomenal successes like Google and Facebook, the road between an idea and a viable business is highly complex and full of risk. And I am sure, Chairman Rice, you know this firsthand as a business owner and working with business owners, and I have been privileged to assist hundreds of business owners, entrepreneurs, and help them navigate the path from concept to viable business. Unfortunately, we lost a few long the way because of the risks. But what I found is that while there are many different paths to building a successful business and there is a myriad of unanticipated opportunities to what we call ``pivot'' along the way, we as a community can and should provide assistance throughout the process. Communities, by way of grassroots efforts like Startup Maryland and strategic public/private partnerships, can increase the probability of success and drive greater outcomes in revenue growth and job creation. They can do this by encouraging connections, promoting and celebrating a culture of entrepreneurship, and facilitating access to needed capital. This is exactly what we at Startup Maryland were told when we asked entrepreneurs across the state what they needed and what we have been focused on since we launched in March 2012. You shared a little bit about Startup Maryland. It is a regional initiative of the Startup America Partnership, and it is a great example of what we can do through grassroots efforts. It is actually organized by entrepreneurs for entrepreneurs, and we are very much a startup organization ourselves. We are all working for free and we have no money. However, that has never stopped an entrepreneur, and that does not stop us. Our focus for 2013, as we shared at the White House briefing in February, is to leverage the unique assets of Maryland to provide entrepreneurial companies with the connections, coaching, and capital that they need to start and grow, while celebrating the entrepreneurial journey, which includes successes and failures. This, we are hoping, will provide them with an unfair advantage to help them drive increased scale. In 2012, as I mentioned before, we conceived of and executed a bus trip across the state of Maryland called the Pitch across Maryland, and we invited these entrepreneurs to come on the bus and pitch their companies to a video camera. We then posted them on YouTube so that we could get visibility for these companies and their businesses. We thought we would get about 50 people to come on the bus--we had 168. We had to start turning people away. The tour, we made 25 stops throughout all corners of Maryland, and Maryland is not a huge state. It was also created as a way to connect these entrepreneurs with the resources that can help them to start and grow their business, and also with each other. We tried to shine a spotlight on them to elevate the visibility of entrepreneurs. Now, pulling off something of this magnitude with a scant two months of planning, required collaboration with a lot of people around the state. Universities, community colleges, incubators, and economic development agencies all stepped up to help us to customize the message for their regions and to introduce these entrepreneurs to their resources. It was amazing. You had entrepreneurs not even knowing that there was an economic development organization in their county, and we were able to make those connections. The most impactful outcome for many was the connections that they developed between each other. They were just happy to share their story and to meet other people that were going through that very lonely journey. They were excited to be connected with not only the Startup Maryland community, but also the Startup America. We had a lot of fruitful connections and partnerships that came from that. Bringing together the community of entrepreneurs is also exactly what I was hired to do by the Howard County Economic Development authority, under the leadership of county executive Ken Ulman, from the Maryland Center for Entrepreneurship, not unlike the incubator that you run. We are leveraging the resources and programs. We have a technology incubator, although as an entrepreneur I do not like using the word ``incubator'' because it sounds like a warm, fuzzy chicken, so we call it an innovation catalyst or the iCat. We also then connect them with other technology people in the community through the Howard Tech Council. We ran something called the Race for Innovation, where we brought in entrepreneurs, investors, supporters, and nobody knew who anybody else was, so it was just first name only, in a way to get them to connect with each other before they have to actually ask for an investment or ask for services. And that is really what it is about. It is connecting that community. And we have had mentors end up investing in or taking a leadership position in some of these startups and finding partners, getting revenues, and even getting customers. Another key need in fostering innovation is promoting a culture that supports it. Feeding the entrepreneurial mindset runs through everything we do at Startup Maryland and the MCE, but our climate does not always make it easy. So being able to celebrate failure as well as success I think is really important so that you can get that mindset that it is okay to try things and fail. Funding is also important. If you cannot have money, you cannot be successful. Many examples of state and local funding, but there is a lot we can do to help that. For example, making the SBIR process a little bit faster and easier so entrepreneurs can get that in time for their businesses. There is also a large and growing gap between sustainable company and concept, and we need more seed funding for that. So the work that you are doing here is really important, and having us here to help highlight these entrepreneurs, we really appreciate. We need to provide outlets so that we can spread these stories. We need to simplify the federal SBIR process, encourage and expand seed funding. Chairman RICE. I am sorry, Ms. Kirk, if you could wind up. Ms. LENZER KIRK. Absolutely. Facilitating key decision- makers to bring innovations to companies to drive revenues. And then to your point, Congresswoman Chu, creating a startup friendly track to permanent residency for foreign nationals so that they can stay in the States and keep their innovations here. Thank you. Chairman RICE. Thank you, Ms. Kirk. Next we have our third witness, Mr. Johnson, Steve Johnson, who hails from my home state of South Carolina. Mr. Johnson is the President and CEO of CreatiVasc, located in Greenville, South Carolina. In 2012, his firm was competitively selected to be part of the FDA's Innovation Pathway Program. CreatiVasc was also an early company to receive support and investment from the South Carolina Research Authority's SC Launch Program, which aims to bring high tech companies into South Carolina and supports the growth of early stage firms. Mr. Johnson, thank you for being here today. You may begin. STATEMENT OF STEVE JOHNSON Mr. JOHNSON. Thank you, Chairman Rice, Ranking Member Chu, members of the Committee, ladies and gentlemen. My name is Steve Johnson. I am president and CEO of CreatiVasc Medical in Greenville, South Carolina. Our company began full-time operations in 2007, and we are focused on developing medical device innovations for one of the most expensive chronic diseases: end-stage renal disease, or kidney failure. It represents now over a $47 billion burden to the health care system. These patients must rely on dialysis to live, but this cost over $86,000 per patient per year. It has also had very little innovation in the past 30 years. CreatiVasc developed and now has in clinical trials at Johns Hopkins an innovative device called the Hemoaccess Valve System, which has the potential to significantly reduce the complications and cost of dialysis. Last year, as you mentioned, CreatiVasc was selected competitively by the FDA to be one of the three inaugural companies in the agency's new Innovation Pathway program, which is designed to accelerate the clinical testing and approval of promising new technologies without compromising patient safety. Our company is in South Carolina, which has traditionally been viewed as a ``fly-over state'' when it came to innovation: you flew over us to get to either Research Triangle in North Carolina or Georgia Tech in Atlanta, or Palo Alto, or Boston. Now, we are proud that South Carolina is quickly becoming a destination state when it comes to innovation. Over the last six years, over 280 technology-based companies have started up in our state. What has caused this dramatic change? One major stimulus, as Chairman Rice mentioned, has been a program created by South Carolina Research Authority (or SCRA) called ``SCLaunch.'' And while the state of South Carolina fostered the creation of this program, not a penny of state funding has supported it. This SCRA program provides tax incentives to support and encourage private donations which are used to support early-stage innovations in our state. This SCRA early-stage funding is provided only after extensive and rigorous scrutiny of not only the technology but its management team, its competition, its patents, as well as its paths to market. Early-stage SCRA funds have triggered over $200 million in follow-on capital from angel and venture capital investors, and Forbes Magazine named it as one of the top five economic programs in the nation. The SCRA program recognizes that capital is the fuel that drives the economic engine. Capital transforms ``technology'' into ``products.'' This then translates into manufacturing, which then translates into jobs. But something has to prime that pump, and most times, traditional sources of capital, such as banks and now even venture capital funds, want to avoid the risk of early-stage technology startups. Programs like SCLaunch fill that vacuum. Without this program, most of these innovation startups, including our own company, would not exist. As a native South Carolinian, I fully recognize that our state has rarely been at the top of any ranking. We are usually 48th or 49th. But that is rapidly changing when it comes to encouraging, supporting, and creating new companies with breakthrough innovations. Innovation is the key to economic growth because it is how we can compete in a global marketplace. It is also how we create good, high-paying jobs here at home. But for innovation to succeed there must be adequate capital to mature these inventions from the lab to the market. I can tell you from personal experience that the greatest challenge is to find long-term funding. Even though CreatiVasc was fortunate enough to be selected by FDA to be one of the top three innovations for one of the most expensive chronic diseases, it is still amazingly difficult to find capital, especially for medical devices which take years to develop, test, and get to market. This is the opportunity for the future: to provide attractive incentives that secure private investment to support innovative but maturing technologies. Again, thank you for this opportunity. It is something that obviously you can tell I feel very passionate about. I look forward to your questions. Chairman RICE. Thank you, Mr. Johnson. I am now going to yield to Ranking Member Chu for introduction of the minority witness. Ms. CHU. I have the pleasure of introducing Michael McGeary. Michael McGeary is the co-founder and chief political strategist of Engine Advocacy, a working group of people in the entrepreneurial sector based in San Francisco. And it is working to connect those leaders with government to effect change on issues that are important to high growth, entrepreneurial tech businesses. He also serves as a strategist with Hattery Labs, a San Francisco-based seed stage venture fund and creative consultancy. And he is working on high level social and brand strategy. Previously, he worked with Silicon Valley startup Tune-In, and with a leading California law firm specializing in political compliance and disclosure. STATEMENT OF MICHAEL MCGEARY Mr. MCGEARY. Thank you, Mr. Chairman and Ranking Member Chu, members of the Committee, thank you for having me here with you this morning. I want to spend my time talking about issues that will impact the true engine of economic growth in this country, which is our startup community. Starts promise the rebirth and rejuvenation of the American economy, and far from the idea that is held by many about startup life, of bespectacled views and ironic t-shirts gallivanting around Palo Alto or the Flatiron district of New York, spending their days writing code for the next great game about unicorns, we will all have our heads down in our phones, playing as we ride the subway to work. In fact, the startup community in America reflects the best of American business. It is dedicated men and women working in coffee shops and coworking spaces, office parks and garages in Kansas City and Austin and Pasadena and Nashville, and yes, San Francisco and New York, creating economic growth and multiplicative effects not seen in any other industry, helping power not just their own business but in many cases countless others across the country. These men and women have created all of the net new job growth in this country for the last quarter century, and according to our recent study, Technology Works, are projected to create 4.3 jobs in local communities for every job created in a technology concern. It is for those reasons and so many others that a few of us got together to form Engine Advocacy, and for those of you who may not be familiar with our group, we got started about a year and a half ago with the intention of connecting the startup community with government at the federal, state, and local level. We did so with an eye towards turning some of the workarounds, good ideas, and innovative solutions to common problems faced by the startup community into new legislation or government programs or smart regulation that can help make it just a little easier to start and run those businesses here in America. We did that in a number of ways for a community that has largely been underrepresented here in the halls of government. Our work is balanced between direct advocacy, convening our members from all over the country with leaders in government, such as yourselves, and educating all of the players by arming them with good stories and strong data that point to the impact that startups can have in driving economic growth. And that is really why I came here today. If you took a survey of startup founders and entrepreneurs, of investors, technologists, developers, engineers, and the myriad of others working in startups today, they would tell you that two issues more than any other threaten the promise and progress of their companies. These issues--immigration reform and software patent reform--are Engine's immediate priorities and will form the basis of our advocacy work in the coming year. First let me touch on immigration. Despite our historical competitive edge, we in the United States are facing a growing gap between the jobs we can create and the skills and employees needed to fill them. In the long term, we need to continue to work to evolve our American education system to help power that growth and give young people the skills they need to compete in a global marketplace. But in the short term, we must also realize that that most valuable resource, talent, is already on our shores. They are attending the University of Wisconsin or Kansas University or MIT or Stanford and others around the country. And unfortunately, we seem to be looking for ways in our current system to send these smart, talented, and entrepreneurial individuals either back to their countries or origin or to places like Canada or Chile or South Korea where they have hung out the welcome sign to these promising minds as we have done for so many years, going back to Ellis Island and Angel Island. It is imperative that we find a way to keep knowledge here, working and building business in America so that our economy can continue to grow and our businesses continue to thrive. Second, for those that cannot stay and others who are starting business, another specter is lurking, threatening to choke off innovation nearly at its source, and that is the danger of patent trolling. According to recent findings by the Electronic Frontier Foundation, patent trolls are, forgive me, patent assertion entities account for 56 percent of all lawsuits filed against innovators. This environment creates a legal and regulatory thicket, which many young companies of two and three people find incredibly hard and costly to navigate. We must find smart ways to protect innovative intellectual property, and as the constitution says, to promote science and the useful arts. The current system in place does no such thing. In fact, it even threatens to kill innovation as young companies find fewer and fewer avenues for capital as the prospect of patent troll lawsuits grow. In the end, what is good for startups is good for small business on the whole because startups power small business. Consider a single parent making jewelry in Boise who is able to sell to consumers all over the world thanks to Etsy or the rural doctor in South Carolina who is better and more readily able to diagnose cardiovascular problems in a patient because of increased computing power and new data from existing MRI scans paired with 3-dimensional flow visualization. That is the technology being pioneered right in our office in San Francisco and being made available by Morpheus Medical. And it is the bakery in my neighborhood in San Francisco's Sunset district that accepts credit card payments via Square on their iPad rather than having to buy a costly point of sale system. The promise and potential of America's entrepreneurial future is also so much more. Yes, we can create gaming apps that distract and delight, but there is also technology being created that saves lives, that brings people closer together, and allows us to see our world and ourselves from a reframed perspective. And startups can power the next generation of American growth if we let them. It will be in working with this Committee and with our other allies in Congress which can allow for that future, our future, to be prosperous. Thank you, and I look forward to your questions. Chairman RICE. Thank you very much for your statement. So many well-intentioned and very talented people here, and I just appreciate so much you taking your time to be here with us today. Mr. Roach, I want to start with you. I want you to tell me about particularly these technology programs that you have at the SiMT and how it is working with attracting students and what your job placement prospects are. Mr. ROACH. Yes, sir. The SiMT is part of the Florence- Darlington Technical College, which is one of the 16 technical colleges in the State of South Carolina system. In our Advanced Manufacturing Center in our large machining center in that facility is where we have the Machine Tool Technology program run by the college. Those students are learning the science of machining materials. They start out with fundamental manual machining processes and by the second year of the program they are in computer numerical control, CNC Machining Center operations programming is set up. Those students have a 100 percent job placement rating coming out of that program. In fact, it is very difficult for us to keep them in the program for the full two years because once they get marketable job skills, the local industries out there are trying to hire those students as quickly as they can to get them in the workforce because there is a shortage of those skill sets. So that program in particular is one that is in high demand, it is high paying, and it is even difficult to get people into the program because of the science and technology level it includes, and the young people coming out of high school today typically are not fully prepared to go under that kind of career path. But we are doing everything we can to try to encourage them to go down that path because there are good paying jobs in that field and they are placed 100 percent. Chairman RICE. You know, what would you say would be the average pay scale? And what would be the prerequisites for entering the program? Are you getting kids that have graduated from college that are entering this technical program? Mr. ROACH. Yes, sir. We get students in those programs from high school graduates to people with four-year baccalaureate degrees from other institutions who maybe they have got a degree in English or in History or something and they cannot find a job in the job market and they are looking for a high tech skill set that they can market. And they end up coming back to us. We jokingly refer to ourselves as graduate school for some of the four-year universities because we get a lot of their graduates coming back to get a skill that they can market. The perquisites essentially are the ability to do math and science. They need a good strong STEM background. Once they have got those prerequisites under their belt they make very good students in these programs. Chairman RICE. How many students do you take in this program? Mr. ROACH. Currently, we have approximately 40 students per year in the program. That includes both first-year and second- year, so about 20 in each group. Chairman RICE. Is that your capacity? Mr. ROACH. No, sir. That is not our capacity. That is basically what we are being limited to by the local pool of candidates willing to go into the program. In our local area we have had a difficult time with the K-12 system actually steering students away from these kinds of career paths in their education going through high school, so we are trying to bring them in. Chairman RICE. And I just want your opinion. What is the status of manufacturing in the United States? Mr. ROACH. The state of manufacturing is strong. Even though we are down on job count, the manufactured products generated by this country are as great as they have ever been. The big difference is that it is being done with technology more than with people. So the people that work in industry today have to have a higher skill set. They have to have more training, and they get, you know, higher paying jobs. So it is a question of same output, fewer numbers of heads, greater skills, greater pay scale. And manufacturing is not dead. It is not going away. It is just different. Chairman RICE. And you are there and you are ready to provide the skills? Mr. ROACH. Yes, sir. Chairman RICE. But you cannot find the people to sign up for your program? Mr. ROACH. That is part of the difficulty, is getting the pipeline filled with people that are interested in going into manufacturing because the news is always talking about manufacturing is dying, no one wants to go into manufacturing. We have a hard time with parents steering their children away from that kind of a career path, even though a machine tool student graduating from our two-year associate degree program today starts out anywhere from $17 to $20 an hour with the possibility of going up to as high as $30 an hour with about five years experience under their belt. Good paying jobs. Chairman RICE. These jobs, are you placing them in the local area or are they going nationwide? Mr. ROACH. This particular program is local. There is enough demand in our local market that it is gobbling up all of our graduates. But we have gotten calls from companies as far away as Kentucky and the Midwest looking for people with this skill set. They have heard about our program through the SiMT and they are asking can we come in and talk to your graduates? Can we get them to come to our facilities? And we say, yes, you can come and talk to them but typically they want to stay close to home and there is a job for them waiting right here in the local market. We are providing as many as we can get our hands on to the industry. Chairman RICE. And one more question. What is your tuition? Mr. ROACH. Our tuition at Florence-Darlington Tech, I do not know the exact number because I do not deal with it myself on a daily basis, but we are about $150 a credit hour. So a full load is, you know, $1,700, $1,800 a semester. And in our case, with the State of South Carolina's lottery tuition assistance program, about 80 percent of our students qualify for some sort of financial aid, either Federal Pell Grants or state lottery tuition assistance. So by the time they are done, most of our students either go for nothing or for $200 or $300 out of pocket a semester, not counting books. Books, of course, are additional. Chairman RICE. Can you stand up and turn around and show me your cape? Mr. ROACH. No, sir. I don't think I can do that. I cannot bounce bullets off my chest either. Chairman RICE. Ms. Kirk, could you please tell me some specific assistance? I want to know more about--did you say you work for free? Ms. LENZER KIRK. The Startup Maryland is all by entrepreneurs who are donating their time, so we are all volunteering our time to bring together the ecosystem. Chairman RICE. I bet you have a pretty big cape, too. Ms. LENZER KIRK. No, no, no. It is a great community of support. Everybody pitches in. I think any entrepreneur that has been successful, or even if they have failed and have really enjoyed the process which most of them do, they want to give back. They want to go and help. I am always amazed at the generosity of entrepreneurs to help other entrepreneurs. Chairman RICE. Now, does this entity, I assume, get some kind of funding? No funding at all? Ms. LENZER KIRK. No. In fact, it was interesting when we said we wanted to do a bus, everybody just kind of looked at us and said, ``How are you going to do that?'' And so we figured it out. We went out and raised money from corporations. We got some money from, like, the Howard County Economic Development Authority put the first money in for the bus. And once you start going we were selling the idea before we had it fully funded. I mean, that is kind of what entrepreneurs end up doing. We then charged all of the stops a stoppage fee so that they actually helped to supplement the bus tour. So it is about being creative. It is about figuring out a way, and that is what entrepreneurs do. It is not sitting back and waiting. I mean, we would love to take money and the Maryland State Government did support us but we got started before we had that. We went out and started raising money and talking about getting people excited about the idea, which is what entrepreneurs have to do. Chairman RICE. It sounds like you are doing a considerable amount of marketing and letting people know about available resources that are already there. Ms. LENZER KIRK. A lot of it is just grassroots, Twitter and Facebook, and people talking about it to their friends. It is more of a grassroots-type of an effort. No marketing budget. Chairman RICE. The bus tour sounds like it was a very innovative, brilliant marketing plan. So when an entrepreneur--how do they contact you? Ms. LENZER KIRK. How do they contact Startup Maryland? We have a website startupmd.org. And in fact, Startup America has several startup regions--38 regions across the country, s.co is the--s.co, that is all you have to type in, is Startup America, and you can get access to the region that is closest to you. Chairman RICE. Tell me more about the national Startup America Partnership. Ms. LENZER KIRK. So the national Startup America was a partnership with the Case Foundation and Kauffman Foundation. And they set out to help to do what we are doing--help entrepreneurs across the country. And so they are pulling in-- -- Chairman RICE. How old is this entity? Ms. LENZER KIRK. Two and a half years, I think. It is fairly new. Chairman RICE. I did not mean to interrupt. Ms. LENZER KIRK. Yeah, no, that is okay. Obviously, I could go on, right? So what they realize is that each region really needs something a little bit different, and so they formed the regional initiatives so that the folks in the region could figure out what does that region need the most? So, for example, in Tennessee, they had no incubators, so they connected Startup America. They formed Startup Tennessee and now they have incubators across the state of Tennessee and are doing an amazing job of getting innovations and turning them into businesses. There is a Startup California. There is a Startup Virginia, Maryland, and D.C. We call it the Startup DMV where we try to work together because we are so close. And each region is focused on whatever that region needs. In Maryland, we needed to connect all these great resources we have. We have Johns Hopkins University of Maryland, but they operated in silos, and so they needed that connective tissue, and that is what we have been providing to them. Chairman RICE. Thank you very much. Moving on to Mr. Johnson. Now, I had one more question for you, Ms. Kirk. So when somebody contacts you, gets in touch with you through your website, what specific aid can you give them? Ms. LENZER KIRK. Well, first we figure out what they need, what stage they are at. And then we will often connect them with their local jurisdictions, the resources there. But within Startup Maryland, we have started a couple of new programs. We have a web portal called Co-Founders Lab that connects team members. It is like the EHarmony for entrepreneurs, so you can go in and find a team member. We have a program that we are just kicking off called ``Raise Your Game,'' that is for existing companies that can connect them into a community and help them go to their next growth inflection point. We have another startup that we have partnered with called Fosterly that is a resource map of all the resources in the state. It is crowd sourced. So we figure out really what it is that they need and then connect them into the network to find it. Chairman RICE. Thank you, Ms. Kirk. Mr. Johnson, thank you again for coming all the way here from Greenville. Wow, it sounds like you've done big things coming up with help for people with dialysis needs. That is wonderful. How specifically did SCRA help you get off the ground? Mr. JOHNSON. When we were forming the company in 2007, obviously we realized that with an implantable mechanical long- term blood exposure device, this was not going to be either a short-term or inexpensive process. We needed, if you will, the term we use is ``runway.'' We needed a runway to raise money. We went to South Carolina Launch and pitched them on the concept of our device, the kind of need that there was in the market, the fact that there had been no innovation in the field in 30 years, and we were able to get a $200,000 grant from South Carolina Launch that basically bought us about nine months of time. During that period of time we went to the private investors in the area. We brought together 40 angel investors and we raised $3.4 million. That $3.4 million was based upon our achieving set milestones, and I think that is a key, too, to our success and to any---- Chairman RICE. Was SC Launch or SCRA involved in pulling together these investors? Mr. JOHNSON. We pulled together the investors, the mechanism that gave us the funding to allow us that time to pull those investors together. But in that six month period of time we were able to raise $3.4 million as a total commitment from those investors, and then based upon milestones of developing a finished prototype in animal trials and then beginning human clinical trials, various tranches were called in from those investors based upon our success. But truly, and we have received three installments from South Carolina Launch. The first enable us to get off and running. The second one enabled us to actually create our finished prototype and finished device that is being implanted in humans now, and the third tranche came last year when frankly we were just out of cash. And it frequently happens. And again, even though we have one of the first innovations in this field in 30 years, it is still in this environment extremely difficult to raise capital, even among the venture capital community because they want lower and lower risk and greater and greater assurance of success. And in medical devices, you are always at the exposure of what happens in the human body that you do not see in the lab. And so it is not always linear. It is not always predictable, but it is something that we live with. Chairman RICE. Thank you. Mr. McGeary, I want to ask you questions but I have taken far too much time already. Not that I do not appreciate what you do or the fact that you are here, and I appreciate it very much. I could talk to each one of you for an hour. So just thank you all very much for what you are doing. Thank you for what you are doing to help create businesses and jobs in this country. And with that I am going to yield to the Ranking Member, Ms. Chu. Ms. CHU. Thank you so much. Well, I have questions for Mr. McGeary. Mr. McGeary, according to a study from the Center on Education in the Workforce at Georgetown University, science, technology, engineering and math could have a 230,000 shortfall of advanced degrees in the U.S. by 2018. What do you think is the best way to address this shortfall? Mr. MCGEARY. Thank you, Ranking Member Chu. I think that it is critically important to address. There are a number of ways in looking at the entirety of the system. Obviously, in the long term we need to address the educational system we have got in this country and really retrofit it for the jobs we are creating moving forward in the 21st century and train young people of promise to be part of these science, technology, engineering, and mathematics disciplines to take those positions. The short-term answer to that is comprehensive immigration reform, and as part of that it really does have focus on technology. Obviously, your colleagues across the street have shown us their proposal. The Senate has come out with their proposal on immigration, which has some good in it for technology, including improved access to H1B and things like that. We have done a recent study that I reference in my opening statement called Technology Works, which has similar findings and we will be diving deeper into those throughout the year, alongside the Georgetown study. And we are seeing the same thing--that we are going to have a gap between the jobs we are already creating and the skills needed to fill that and the talent needed to fill those jobs. So it is critically important that we start that process now. We have got people here in our universities as I mentioned, who are ready to take on those jobs or to create their own companies, their own startups in communities all around the country that would, in fact, create even more. We have got to do better at keeping those people here. It is not about even opening up so much; it is keeping people that are already here, here, as opposed to sending that creativity and that entrepreneurship and those skills overseas. So in the long term, education; in the short term, we have to keep people here. Ms. CHU. And talking about the short-term, can you give us an example of how our broken immigration is hurting startups? Mr. MCGEARY. Well, I will give you one that is clear and plain as day from last week. On the first of April, and this is not an April Fool's joke, we opened the H1B process for high skilled people to apply to stay here. There were 65,000 visas available. There were 124,000 applications. So not only are we keeping half of the people where, we are sending half of them home on a coin flip. We do not even frankly know if we are keeping the right 65,000 people here. That is a sin. Those are 124,000 very skilled people that would power immense job growth not just in technology, but as I mentioned, it would also engender job growth in the communities that surround it to a level of 4.3 jobs created for every high tech job. So sending these people back overseas is awful and something we need to fix immediately. On the very same day, in Canada, they opened their startup visa program. It was a very nicely designed website that shows you all the different pathways and the people in government that will help you as an entrepreneur come and start a business in Vancouver and Toronto or any city across Canada to start your business there, and they will help you get a visa and they will help you start. So instead of shipping people away, they are asking people to come in. They are not alone in that. There are other countries, like I said, with a welcome sign out. We have got to be one of those countries again. We have a history of that in the United States. You know, I am a descendant of immigrants, as so many people are in this country. We have got to make it once again so that the highly skilled people that are powering economic growth on all sectors of the economy can stay here in the United States and start businesses. Ms. CHU. I would like to turn now to the patent issue, and you certainly were very eloquent in talking about the effect of that on startups. Could you give us an example of how these patent assertion entities, as some call patent trolls, how they work on the existing companies that do productive work? And also, any insights in terms of solutions that Congress could undertake. Mr. MCGEARY. I will answer that by telling a quick story. My co-founder was on a panel. I think it was Stanford Law School, and this was about a year ago now. It was him, it was a lawyer from a big law firm with an IP practice, and it was a gentleman from Intellectual Ventures, which is one of the most notable patent assertion entities out there. And a student asked a question. He said, ``I am starting a business and I think there might be some patent issues with this. How do I protect myself?'' And this is an early 20s, starting his first business, wanting to get started. And the gentleman from Intellectual Ventures says, ``Well, you can come to us and you can license our patent portfolio.'' Because what they do is go up and buy patents and they do not create products with them, but then they license them back to companies that will in some cases, or they use them as leverage against companies that are infringing them, knowingly or not, in court battles. And so that will cost you about $250,000. And then they went to the attorney sitting next to him and they said, ``Well, actually, you can come to us and we will protect you from the patent trolls and we will represent you in court, and that will cost you about $250,000.'' And then they got to Josh, my co-founder, and he looked down the table and he said, ``You know you people are all crazy, right?'' No startup, and certain no venture capital firm--and in my day job, which I get to do very infrequently these days, I work for venture capital and I see this every day--no venture capital firm is going to make an investment of $250,000 in a company so that they can then send that money into litigation. And that, by the way, is an opening offer. That is just to clear off the simplest of infringements unknowing, what have you. It goes so much deeper than that. There are a lot of things that we can do, I think, on a legislative level and on a regulatory level that Congress can lean on. Most notably is working with the Patent and Trademark Office to reform some of their policies on software patents and making sure that fewer bad patents get through. There has been a lot of that. There is a provision in the America Invents Act, which allows for financial services patents to be reexamined and thrown out if they were not shown to be useful. I think extending that to software would be good as well. But also looking at things like fee shifting and other areas, things like we have seen in your colleague, Congressman DeFazio's SHIELD Act, which is co-sponsored by Congressman Chaffetz, that has been out for a while, which we have taken a good look at and we are broadly supportive of. I think there are a number of avenues for doing this, but it is--I like to say that if you ask for the top five issue areas concerning startups, the first four would be immigration, but that fifth one is definitely patent. It is right there and we are looking at ways to work with the community on the whole and all of you here in Congress to make that situation much better. Ms. CHU. Thank you. Mr. Roach, I was interested in your comments about a couple of important programs in Congress--the Mentor-Protege Program, as well as the SBDCs. You mentioned that your first client- tenant in the Manufacturing and Business Incubator Facility had been accepted into the Mentor-Protege Program. And I was very interested in this because in the last Congress, Congressman Schilling and I introduced a bill to improve that Mentor- Protege Program and it did pass. So could you talk about why this program was so important to your client and how it could help startups and small businesses to be more innovative? Mr. ROACH. Well, I will try. I am not a real expert in the program. My understanding of the way the program works is that if the small companies have some sort of technology that is of interest to the federal government, whether military or Homeland Security or whoever it is, they are paired up with a company who is already doing business with the government in that area. And that company sort of shepherds the small startup company through some of the government bureaucracy, the red tape of government procurement, things like that, as well as offering technical support in some areas to the small startup companies to help them really get their product developed, get it to market, and get it into the hands of the people within the government who want that technology. Sort of fast track it as best they can. That is kind of my understanding of the program. I am not an expert in the program. Ms. CHU. But I appreciate your insights. And Small Business Development Centers have provided training sessions to tenants of your incubator, so could you talk about these SBDC, Small Business Development Centers, and how they have helped in what you are doing as well as if there were cuts, which there could be cuts of $10 million due to the sequester, how that would affect the situation. Mr. ROACH. As far as our interface with the SBDC, we actually have one of the offices on our main college campus. It is one of the groups in the state of South Carolina. We work closely with that group all the time with our incubator facility. They actually help us do a good job of prescreening a lot of potential candidates into our center. I just had someone visit me this past week who wanted to come into my incubator and rent space, and when I discussed it with him it was obvious he had no idea what starting up a business was even about. He just had a good idea he thought and he wanted to come to me and rent space. I want him to go through the SBDC process because they will shepherd him again through the process, help him create a business plan, be a good sounding board whether his concept even is sound--all those steps that he really needs to do before he comes to see me at my incubator facility because I cannot give him that sort of grassroots guidance that the SBDC can. So we lean on them heavily to help us sort of prescreen or filter potential tenants in our facility. And they do a great job in our area. They work with a lot of people who have got an idea and they do not have a clue what they need to do as a first step to get started. They do not even know what a business plan is. Just I am going to get out there. I am going to make a million dollars today no matter what. I have got a good idea. So if I can say anything about the SBDC, we need to do everything we can to keep those folks in business. I do not know what the sequestration cuts might do to them. I have not got a clue. But we need to do what we can to keep those people doing what they do because they are a godsend to people in the startup phrase of contemplating a new business. Ms. CHU. Thank you for that insight. I really appreciate it. And I yield back. Chairman RICE. I now yield to Mr. Schweikert for five minutes. Mr. SCHWEIKERT. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. And I am sorry I missed some of the testimony. As we all know, this is the wacky time of year where they have you on two different committees, but at least we are on the same floor of this building. In listening to this--and this is sort of a question--and I was going to start with Ms. Kirk--access to capital. I have a personal fixation because of my participation with the Jobs Act last year and how do you get smaller companies an access to money. With what you are doing in Maryland, issue, nonissue, where does that rank? Ms. LENZER KIRK. Huge issue. Yeah, huge issue. There are a lot of companies--as he was talking about venture capital, they are going farther and farther away from pre-revenue. They want a less risky deal. But in the beginning, there are no guarantees, especially if you have to go through FDA approval and things. So it is a huge deal. We have companies looking for--and loans are harder to get, too. You know, thankfully, the SBA does back loans and that is helpful, but there is a lot of--because of the economy, there is a lot of entrepreneurs who maybe do not have great credit. That does not mean they are bad people. That does not mean that they cannot build a phenomenal business. Mr. SCHWEIKERT. From some of the smallest ventures you have had approach you in Maryland, how small? I mean, where do you see the entering point of someone with a good idea? I mean, are they looking for a million dollars? Ms. LENZER KIRK. Sometimes it is can you buy me a laptop? I need $1,500 to get a laptop. I need $5,000 to file a patent. Mr. SCHWEIKERT. Mr. Roach, for you, where do you see some of your starting point entrepreneurs? What are they hunting for? Mr. ROACH. Very similar. In a lot of cases the fellow I just mentioned who was looking to rent office space, all he needed really was--in his case I think he had a laptop computer already so he did not need that but he needed some amount of money to even pay his rent. He was off the hip for any rent money. Mr. SCHWEIKERT. Why does this sound like something I would end up investing in. Mr. Johnson, the same question. Mr. JOHNSON. It is very, very, very challenging. Venture capital, again, they want revenue-generating companies. And again, it is very difficult to get that at point when you are under regulatory scrutiny. And again, I think there is a great opportunity to improve the connection between NIH and FDA. They have been siloed too many times in the past. Mr. SCHWEIKERT. Well, but that is not where, you know, the first level of entrepreneurial innovation is coming from. Mr. McGeary, and you are also--you have a relationship with the venture capital world; right? Mr. MCGEARY. That is correct. I do retain a desk anywhere at a venture capital fund in San Francisco. And we make early stage investments in consumer and retail and enterprise companies. Mr. SCHWEIKERT. Because where I was going to come back to you, I know you said my first four is immigration, talent-- which having a large Intel facility in my state and these things I hear that all the time. But somewhere in there I was hoping I could get you to adjust your top five to have access to capital somewhere in there. Mr. MCGEARY. Well, the good news, Congressman, is through your work on the Jobs Act, that is less of a worry for us because especially for early stage investors--I am sorry, for early stage startups, there should be better access to capital. Mr. SCHWEIKERT. Now, there is a very interesting clause in that sentence, is there not? ``Should be.'' Mr. MCGEARY. Should be. You have done your work and we thank you for it. And we need the Securities and Exchange Commission to enact the law. Mr. SCHWEIKERT. Say that again? Mr. MCGEARY. You have done your work, Congressman. Mr. SCHWEIKERT. No, no, no. Not that part. Ms. LENZER KIRK. We need the SEC to do their---- Mr. SCHWEIKERT. No, no, no. I get enough flatter around here. I never knew I was so tall and good looking until I got elected as a member of Congress, but there is a discussion-- hey, you all know exactly what I am talking about. But the discussion--and I do not want to beat up on them because they have had a lot of interesting situations over at the SEC, but we all came together as a body, moved a bipartisan piece of legislation, and something like crowd funding, you know, it is the egalitarian access to put up an idea, have it vetted through the Internet, have us write positive and nasty things about it in blogs, and be able to raise up to a million dollars, and we cannot get it through the bureaucracy and we are over a year late on the rule set. And I guess where I was heading on this is you all build the silos and these organizations to help people. You are out there doing venture capital. You are trying to bring talent together, and yet it is our own bureaucracy that is killing, starving this next generation. Because who knows what that great idea is going to be? It is in someone's garage right now. It is probably not at the national institutes. It is probably in someone's garage. So please, help us to continue to fuss at the SEC to get these rule sets out. And with that I yield back, Mr. Chairman. Chairman RICE. Thank you, sir. I recognize Mr. Barber. Mr. BARBER. Well, thank you, Mr. Chairman. Thank you to the witnesses for coming. I am sorry I missed some of your testimony but I was here certainly to hear about the good work you are doing. Particularly, Ms. Kirk, I am very impressed. When you said how much does it cost, you said nothing. And of course, people are investing time and energy in providing that kind of collaboration and knowledge through others and I really commend you for what you are doing. I want to talk a little bit about how we move research-- university research from the university to small businesses. Yesterday, I met with President Ann Weaver Hart, who is the new president of the University of Arizona, which is one of the premier state universities in research, not withstanding what is going on at ASU, Congressman Schweikert. But one of her earliest decisions as president was to establish what she calls ``Tech Launch Arizona.'' We know we have incredibly smart researchers, people who really know that part of our world very well, great scientists, but I think they would be the first to admit they do not know a whole lot about how to make something a commercial product. So this enterprise brings in expertise from the College of Business to help these professors and researchers get their product quickly to market. Arizona-- Southern Arizona in particular--has a very strong foundation of bioscience, high tech industries, and a burgeoning solar industry, so we have a base on which we can build. I guess my question to you and to any of the other witnesses who would like to respond is what can Congress do to help move, first of all, to find and move research to the market quickly. Small businesses, we all know this, are the engine of our economy. These innovations have the opportunity to provide great paying jobs that will last forever that will help people in many, many ways. And I would just like your advice on what it is we can do specifically to in this arena to help research universities get those products to market so that we can actually build those businesses. Mr. Johnson. Mr. JOHNSON. Traditionally, the University Tech Transfer Offices are overwhelmed. I think what needs to happen is if there could be assistance that could go to the research universities, in order to help them inventory their technologies that are on the shelf and help match those against market needs, unfortunately, so much university research is done sometimes in a vacuum. It is not connected to a need in the marketplace that pulls that technology through. Any assistance that could help those universities analyze markets, see market needs, get them in touch with real entrepreneurial ventures, like Ms. Kirk's, and help them understand the process, you do not want a researcher running a business, and all the data points to that. But you do need them to help transfer it into people's hands that can do that. Ms. LENZER KIRK. And I would say, so one of the programs that I taught is called Activate, and it is helping mid-career women start tech-based businesses. And it is all based on commercialization. We started out teaching them. As an entrepreneur, I had no idea there was this rich resource of intellectual property sitting in these universities and government labs, so educating the public about this opportunity and this thing is imperative that we need to do. We are getting ready to launch a program working with the NSA, Johns Hopkins, and APL to accelerate the commercialization of technology by bringing entrepreneurial thinking people in, teaming them with the researchers so that they can form a team. The researchers can keep doing what they love to do and have the entrepreneurs bring those commercial products to the commercial world. Mr. BARBER. I would really like to know more about that initiative when my staff is here, my legislative director. We would love to be able to learn a lot more about that. This is an adventure in our community that is in its infancy. We have had tech launch programs across the university, and this is the first attempt to really bring all of that expertise together with all of the struggle that it will be to take people away from their departments, but I think it is the future for our economy in many respects and many other states as well. So I would love to hear more about your initiative. Thank you. I yield back. Chairman RICE. Thank you, sir. Again, everybody, thank you so very, very much for being here today. You all came a long way. You all are doing your part to move our country forward, and I cannot express in words my gratitude for what you are doing. America is at a crossroads and cultivating our innovative strength to foster job creation and economic growth is necessary if we are going to compete on a worldwide stage. As our witnesses today demonstrate, America's innovative spirit is alive and well. I am encouraged by local communities and private entities who are finding creative ways to embrace the spirit and aid entrepreneurs in turning their ideas into viable business products. I ask unanimous consent that the Members have five legislative days to submit statements and supporting materials for the record. Without objection, so ordered. The hearing is now adjourned. [Whereupon, at 11:14 a.m., the Subcommittee was adjourned.] A P P E N D I X Committee on Small Business Subcommittee on Economic Growth, Tax, and Capital Access Hearing on ``Innovation as a Catalyst to New Jobs'' Testimony of Jack Roach Director of the Southeastern Institute of Manufacturing and Technology Vice President of Workforce Development for Florence-Darlington Technical College Florence, South Carolina April 18, 2013 The Southeastern Institute of Manufacturing and Technology (SiMT) is located in Florence, South Carolina. It is a wholly owned division of Florence-Darlington Technical College. Historically, innovation has created the bulk of American jobs, and we believe it will most certainly be the force that creates jobs tomorrow. We also believe that creativity and innovation are critical to the success of business, industry, and the economy. The SiMT was created to provide support services to existing businesses and entrepreneurs, to help them be successful. Both existing companies and entrepreneurs tend to be in need of some of the same things. These typically include four things; Technology, Customers, Capital, and Talent. The SiMT offers services in support of all these areas. Since opening the doors of our 177,000 square feet Advanced Manufacturing Center in August of 2007, we have worked on projects for over 200 clients, with approximately \1/4\ being entrepreneurs working on innovative new product ideas. In support of the first need, Technology, the SiMT offers services in Computer Aided Design, Rapid Prototyping/Additive Manufacturing, and Reverse Engineering. Additionally, our 3D- Virtual Reality Center can develop content that allows clients to do both Product and Process Visualization & Simulation, and Virtual Prototyping. We have provided these services to clients that range from Fortune 500 companies, to the entrepreneur- inventor who comes to us with a sketch on a napkin. The person that comes to us with a napkin sketch, and many small manufacturers, needs a resource like SiMT to get their new product innovations to market. We become a part of their product development team. To help our clients with the second need, Customers for the new product ideas they have, we create many sales and marketing visual presentations for our clients. These could be a product simulation shown on a laptop computer, or an internet based product demonstration. We use many tools including Virtual and Augmented Reality software to create compelling visualizations of new product concepts. Entrepreneurs, particularly, use these visual applications to sell their product idea to both potential customers, and investors. Several of our client entrepreneurs have been able to generate enough interest in their product idea to secure funding for their business startup. In some cases, they were even able to procure purchase orders for their product from established retail companies. The third need, Capital, is always tough to come by for the innovative entrepreneur. The SiMT is not in the Venture Capital business. We cannot offer seed money to a client to get his business going. However, what we can do is offer them some ways to leverage the capital they do have. In September of 2012 we finished construction of our new 28,000 square feet Manufacturing and Business Incubator facility. This facility provides startup companies both office and light manufacturing space, which is reasonably priced. It has the potential to house up to 26 different startup companies. It provides the amenities found in most Business Incubators; internet access, telephone service, conference and meeting rooms, shared copiers and printers, and a shared commons area where tenants can meet and network with each other. Additionally, in partnership with our local Small Business Development Center, we offer training sessions for tenants on subject areas related to running a small business. Additionally, this new Manufacturing and Business Incubator facility is adjacent to our existing Advanced Manufacturing Center, which houses our large machining center. The machining center has state-of-the-art equipment such as CNC machining centers, water-jet cutting, and an inspection metrology lab. An Incubator tenant that may have a limited need for this type of equipment may procure time on our equipment instead of buying their own. Access to our capital machinery can help get their business off the ground, while preserving their precious operating capital. We currently have our first client tenant in the Manufacturing and Business Incubator facility. The company, MatrixXcom, was recently accepted into the Mentor-Protege Program by Homeland Security. We have two more companies that we are currently working with to finish their product development, before they move into the Incubator facility. The fourth need, Talent, is almost universally in short supply today. Companies across the country are saying that they cannot find enough skilled workers to meet their needs. Our parent organization, Florence-Darlington Technical College, has its roots in training skilled workers for local industry. The SiMT carries on that tradition; we provide customized, workforce development, training solutions for client companies. When a startup company needs to train a new workforce, or an existing company desires to raise the skill level of its current workforce to compete in a broader market, they can get that specialized training at the SiMT. In conclusion, as communities look for ways to create jobs and drive economic growth, many are finding innovation to be a key element, and startup companies to be the real job creators. The Southeastern Institute of Manufacturing and Technology is an initiative to support the innovators and entrepreneurs in its home state of South Carolina, as well as the southeastern region of the United States. [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT] Good morning, Chairman Rice, Ranking Member Chu, and members of the Subcommittee. I am honored to have been invited to speak with you about Innovation as a Catalyst for New Jobs, a topic very near and dear to my heart. Not only am I a ``recovering entrepreneur,'' but in my current roles as Co- Chair of Startup Maryland and Executive Director of the Maryland Center for Entrepreneurship in Columbia, Maryland, I am fortunate to encounter innovation every day. People come to us with incredible ideas and inventions looking for resources to build them into a viable, sustainable business. Raymond Cooper had such an idea but didn't know where to go for support. He had filed a patent for his invention, an innovative wind turbine that is smaller and more efficient than current designs. From there, however, he wasn't sure which step to tackle next or where to find the resources he needed. Not until, that is, he stepped on the Startup Maryland bus. On the advice of his mother who saw coverage of the bus on TV, the 39 year old came to Bethesda Maryland on the second-to-last stop of our 2\1/2\ week trip across the state so he could pitch his business idea. Little did he know that an unplanned visit to the big yellow bus draped in the Maryland State flag would be the catalyst that would launch his journey from a dreamer to a doer. Not an easy journey Contrary to what many people may believe after seeing phenomenal success of companies such as Google and Facebook, this road between an idea and a viable business is highly complex and full of risk. I know because not only have I been down that road myself more than once, but I've also assisted hundreds of entrepreneurs navigate the path from concept to viable business. Unfortunately, not all of them make it. What I have found is that while there are many different paths to building a successful business and a myriad of unanticipated opportunities to pivot along the way, we as a community can and should provide assistance throughout this process. Communities, by way of grassroots efforts and strategic public/private partnerships, can increase the probability of success and drive greater outcomes in revenue growth and job creation by encouraging connections, promoting and celebrating a culture of entrepreneurship, and facilitating access to needed capital. This is exactly what we at Startup Maryland were told when we asked entrepreneurs across the state what they needed and what we've been focused on since we launched in March 2012. Startup Maryland - Pitch Across Maryland Startup Maryland is a regional initiative of the Startup America Partnership, and it is a great example of incredible things being accomplished through grassroots efforts. Organized BY entrepreneurs, FOR entrepreneurs we are very-much a startup ourselves: we are all putting in a great deal of time without getting paid as we have no money and no resources. However, that's never stopped an entrepreneur and isn't stopping us. Our focus for 2013, as shared at a White House briefing in February, is to leverage the unique assets of Maryland to provide entrepreneurial companies with the connections, coaching and capital they need to start and grow while celebrating the entrepreneurial journey. This will provide them with an UNFAIR ADVANTAGE, ultimately increasing the rate and scale of successes. In 2012 we conceived of and executed a bus trip across the state called Pitch Across Maryland that connected entrepreneurs with the resources they need to be successful. The tour--which made 25 stops through all corners of the state--was created as a way to connect entrepreneurs with each other as well as state, regional, and local resources while also shining a spotlight on entrepreneurship through celebration and awareness. Pulling off something of this magnitude with a scant two months of planning required collaboration with key sponsors at each tour stop. A combination of universities, community colleges, incubators, and economic development agencies stepped up and customized the message and approach for the bus's visit to meet their community's needs and pulled in their local businesses to support and celebrate. Working through both our network and those of our state-based partners, we were able to exceed expectations in number of entrepreneurs reached and still hear stories of valuable connections that were made as a result of the tour. The most impactful outcome for many has been the connections that developed between the entrepreneurs themselves. Grateful to have an opportunity to share their passion for their ideas and businesses, the entrepreneurs we met along the way used words like inspired, exhilarated, motivated, and we can't leave out--relieved--to describe how they felt after their experience on the bus. They were exited to be connected to each other and to something bigger--the community of entrepreneurs assembling as Startup Maryland as well as their peers across the country through the Startup America Partnership. A specific example of a fruitful connection resulting from the tour was the partnership between Startup Maryland and local startup CoFounderLab. CoFounderLab created a platform that is the e-Harmony of startups, helping entrepreneurs to build teams. Startup Maryland is now providing this service to the community. Maryland Center for Entrepreneurship Bringing together a community of entrepreneurs was also exactly what I was hired to do when the Howard County Economic Development Authority, under the leadership of County Executive Ken Ulman, formed the Maryland Center for Entrepreneurship, or MCE. At the MCE, we are leveraging our resources and programs, such as a technology incubator called the Innovation Catalyst (iCat), a Speaker Series and an innovative program called the Race for Innovation with the goal of ensuring members of the ecosystem--entrepreneurs, innovators, investors, mentors and service providers--are not only getting connected but are engaging with each other in meaningful ways long before they need to pursue formally working together. For example, we've had mentors end up investing in or taking a position with our companies, strategic partnerships being formed, and companies finding new clients via the relationships they've built through the community. Creating a Culture of Entrepreneurship Another key need in fostering innovation and entrepreneurship is promoting a culture that supports it. Stoking the entrepreneurial mindset runs through everything we do at both Startup Maryland and the MCE but our environment doesn't make it easy. Maryland has over 15 academic institutions led by world-class innovators and commercialization leaders Johns Hopkins and University of Maryland. We have the highest concentration of employed doctoral scientists and engineers and opportunities for high- quality jobs at the approximately 20 government agencies and over 50 federal labs \1\ in our state. Unfortunately, these assets can provide significant career and earning opportunities that mark a stark contrast to the realities of lean earning while starting up a business. Additionally, some places consist of an environment which encourages a mindset that can counter and even deter people from considering entrepreneurship as a career option. Continuing to promote not only entrepreneurial successes and failures alike will make entrepreneurial role models and realities more readily available and accessible. This is especially crucial among under-represented groups and by offering programs to specific affinity groups such the ACTiVATE entrepreneurship program for mid-career women and the veteran's entrepreneurship program, both supported financially in part by private company sponsorships, the MCE is actively working to spread the culture of entrepreneurship beyond traditional boundaries. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- \1\ Federal Labs Consortium, http://www.federallabs.org/labs/ results/?State=141 --------------------------------------------------------------------------- Funding Innovation A business has no chance of being successful if it can't bring in money from either customer-based revenues or outside capital (dilutive and/or non-dilutive). There are many examples of state and local funding made available to innovators and entrepreneurs, but more can be done. For example, many rapidly developing innovations rely on and could benefit from the federal Small Business Innovation and Research (SBIR) grants but the time and complexity to apply for and receive these monies is often untenable for a startup who needs to move fast to take advantage of market conditions. Currently, there is also a large and growing gap between idea conception and sustainable sales that every company must go through and many don't survive without funding. Called ``The Valley of Death'' (one of many for a growing company), it is imperative that we help companies bridge that gap with more seed-level and pre-revenue funding including access to potential customers, large and small. One of the ways Maryland is helping companies to cross that chasm is through the $84M InvestMaryland fund that was created by offering insurance companies tax credit. This fund is being deployed across the state to be used to fill the funding gap, but is still too new to quantify the results. Call to Action - What Can You do? The work of this Subcommittee is important. Having me and my colleagues here today, shows you care about entrepreneurship and innovation and hopefully appreciate its importance in driving our economy. You are allowing us an opportunity to give voice to all of those entrepreneurs who need a chance, like Vasoptic Medical who is putting the ability to detect the onset of diabetes-induced blindness in the hands of primary care physicians; Unbound Concepts, who is helping level the literacy playing field by getting tools into the hands of educators; and Raymond Cooper, whose innovation could provide a huge leap forward in the adoption of wind-based energy solutions. It is crucial that we continue to support these nascent companies and I respectfully offer the following recommendations: 1. Provide outlets to spread the word about entrepreneurial successes and failures, creating more visibility for role models and reinforcing the value of an entrepreneurial mindset. 2. Simplify the federal SBIR process to get much- needed funding into the hands of the start-ups more quickly. This could be an ideal project for members of the Presidential Innovation Fellowship. 3. Encourage and expand seed and early-stage investments that may be more risky than what a bank would take on, even with backing from the Small Business Administration (SBA). Example programs could consider tax credits for seed-stage investors (including the entrepreneurs themselves). 4. Facilitate key decision makers in the public and private sector sharing their needs with innovative companies. This outreach could also create a forum whereby innovators share their concepts with CEO's and Directors as they explore various types of partnerships that could help drive increased revenue. 5. Create a start-up friendly track to permanent residency for foreign nationals who obtain advanced degrees in the United States, particularly those start- ups that have independent backing from, for example, the SBIR program, an SBA loan, adequate angel or VC investment. Thank you again for the opportunity to share my experiences and thoughts around innovation as a job creator and I look forward to answering your questions. STEVE JOHNSON TESTIMONY BEFORE THE U.S. HOUSE COMMITTEE ON SMALL BUSINESS, SUBCOMMITTEE ON ECONOMIC GROWTH, TAX AND CAPITAL ACCESS: APRIL 18, 2013 Chairman Rice, Members of the Committee, ladies and gentlemen: My name is Steve Johnson and I am President and CEO of CreatiVasc Medical in Greenville. Our company began full-time operations in 2007 and we are focused on developing medical device innovations for one of the most expensive chronic diseases: End Stage Renal Disease, or kidney failure, which now represents over a $47 billion burden on our healthcare system. These patients must rely on dialysis to live but this costs over $86,000 per patient per year. It is also a field that has had little innovation in over 30 years. CreatiVasc developed and now has in clinical trials at Johns Hopkins an innovative device called the Hemoaccess Valve System which has the potential to significantly reduce the complications and cost of dialysis. Last year, CreatiVasc was selected by the FDA to be one of the three inaugural companies in the agency's new Innovation Pathway program which is designed to accelerate the clinical testing and approval of promising new technologies without compromising patient safety. Our company is in South Carolina, which has been traditionally viewed as a ``fly-over state'' when it came to innovation: you flew over us to get somewhere else like Research Triangle, Palo Alto or Boston. Now, we are proud that South Carolina is quickly becoming a ``destination site'' for innovation. Over the last 6 years, over 280 technology-based companies started up in our state. What has caused this dramatic change? One major stimulus has been a program created by South Carolina Research Authority (or ``SCRA'') called ``SCLaunch''-- and while the state of South Carolina fostered the creation of this program, not a penny of state funding has supported it. This SCRA program provides tax incentives to encourage private donations which are used to support early-stage innovation in our state. This SCRA early-stage funding is provided only after extensive and rigorous scrutiny of not only the technology but its management team, its competition and patents as well as its path to market. Early-stage SCRA funds have triggered over $220 million in follow-on capital from angel and venture capital investors, and Forbes magazine named it as one of the top five economic programs in the nation. The SCRA program recognizes that capital is the fuel that drives the economic engine. Capital transforms ``technology'' into ``products.'' This then translates into manufacturing which generates jobs. But something has to prime that pump--and most times, traditional soucres of capital such as banks and now even venture capital funds, want to avoid the risk of early-stage technology start-ups. Programs like SCLaunch fill that vacuum. Without this program, most of these innovation startups, including our own company, would not exist. As a native South Carolinian, I fully recognize that our state has rarely been at the top of any ranking. We usually come in 48th or 49th. But that is rapidly changing when it comes to encouraging, supporting and creating new companies with breakthrough innovations. Innovation is the key to economic growth because it is how we can compete in a global marketplace. It is also how we create good, high-paying jobs here at home. But for innovation to succeed, there must be adequate capital to mature these inventions from the lab to market. I can tell you from personal experience that the greatest challenge is to find long-term funding. Even though CreatiVasc was fortunate enough to be selected by FDA to be one of the top three innovations for one of the most expensive chronic diseases, it is amazingly difficult to find capital, especially for medical devices which take years to develop, test and get to market. This is the opportunity for the future: to provide attractive incentives that secure private investment to support innovative but maturing technologies. Thank you for this opportunity to speak about something that I feel very passionate about--and I look forward to your questions. April 18, 2013 Contact information: Steve Johnson, President & CEO CreatiVasc Medical Incorporated 330 East Coffee Street Greenville, South Carolina 29601 864-242-4700 www.CreatiVasc.com [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]